<p>St. Thomas Manor  is a historic home and Catholic church complex located near Port Tobacco, Charles County, Maryland. Today, the manor house complex is recognized as the oldest Jesuit residence in the world to have been continuously occupied by that order. The mission settlement of Chapel Point was started in 1641 by Father Andrew White, S.J., an English Jesuit missionary. He administered to the Potapoco Native Americans, some of whom he converted to Catholicism. Established in 1662, this is the oldest continuously active Roman Catholic parish in the Thirteen Colonies of North America founded by Great Britain. With the consecration in 1794 of Bishop John Carroll, St. Thomas became the first Roman Catholic see in the United States.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The house is a two-story, seven-bay, brick structure of Georgian architecture, of Flemish bond construction. The mansion is the oldest surviving example of the Georgian style in Maryland. The manor house was built in 1741 as the headquarters of the Maryland Mission of the Society of Jesus, replacing an earlier structure. It served as the Superiors and later the Provincials official residence. This was the nucleus of other missions in Maryland and the mid-Atlantic region.</p><br>
<p>Connected to the manor house stands a two-story brick wing that incorporates a former chapel built in 1798, now called St. Ignatius Church. Outbuildings are also significant, including a small, mid-19th century wood-frame slaves&#39; quarter, "one of remarkably few such buildings to survive in this area." In addition, the former corn crib is the "largest structure of its type recorded in Charles County and one that exhibits many construction features not represented elsewhere."</p><br>
<p>A cemetery lies to the west of the manor house and church. Notable parishioners are buried there, including Confederate agent, Olivia Floyd, and US Congressmen, Sydney Emanuel Mudd and Sydney Emanuel Mudd II.</p><br>
<p>St. Thomas Manor was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988. Due to its history and scenic waterfront setting, the manor grounds, church and cemetery attract visitors from distant places. They make up a favorite rest-stop for many bicycle tour groups.</p><br>
<h2>Additional significance</h2><br>
<p>In 1794 it was at St. Thomas Manor that John Carroll was invested in his robes as the first Catholic bishop of the United States of America, after the nation gained independence in the Revolutionary War. (He later traveled to London for official consecration as a bishop by the Vicar Apostolic.) This investiture established St. Thomas as the first Roman Catholic see in the United States.</p><br>
<p>The St. Thomas complex was also the site of the revival of the Jesuit order in the United States in 1805, after it had been suppressed by the Catholic Church in 1773. Three American priests took their vows at St. Ignatius Church.</p><br>
<h2>Catholic Church and Indian records</h2><br>
<p>During the years of slavery and after the American Civil War, when most southern governments classified people as only black or white in a binary system related to the racial caste of slavery, St. Ignatius was among the Catholic parishes that continued to record their Native congregational members as Indian, regardless of whether they were of mixed race. In colonial and United States records, by contrast, the tribal identities of some Native Americans were lost when they were classified by outsiders as free people of color, "colored," or "white," regardless of how they identified ethnically. Research in Catholic records has helped some tribes document their continuous cultural history and identification as Native American, and to gain state and federal recognition as tribes since the late 20th century.</p><br>
<p>Rosemary Lawn is a historic home and farm complex located at Welcome, Charles County, Maryland, United States. It is a rambling, two-story, frame farmhouse. The home is believed to be a largely rebuilt version of a house of similar size and configuration that was built between 1844 and 1847, when it was part of the estate of Barnes Compton inherited from his mother, Mary Key  Compton . As Barnes Compton was a minor until 1851, the plantation was managed by Wilson Compton, his paternal uncle and guardian, who added improvements such as the house.</p><br>
<p>Most of the exterior and interior finishes of the existing house were constructed during the 1880-1920 period, after the plantation had been sold by the Compton family. Outbuildings include a frame, pyramid-roofed dairy; a frame, pyramid-roofed "cooler" built over elevated foundations enclosing a cellar chamber; and a timber-framed, pyramid-roofed smokehouse.</p><br>
<p>The property is considered of great significance because of the collection of buildings. It "embraces a singularly unique collection of historically and physically integrated agricultural buildings and domestic support structures, and constitutes the largest and best preserved collection of such buildings known to exist in their original setting in this region. In addition to the rarity of several of the buildings--notably the two dairies and the oldest granary--the manner in which each of the buildings was constructed to maximize its functional use, and their obviously carefully considered placement, is of exceptional interest and importance."</p><br>
<p>Also on the property is a private cemetery of the Barnes/Compton family, who owned and occupied the property from at least 1783 until 1873.</p><br>
<p>Rosemary Lawn was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.</p><br>
<p>Balut Island, also known as Malulong, is a volcanic island south of the tip of Davao Occidental province in the Mindanao region, Southern Philippines. Located in the center of the island is the Balut Volcano, a fumarolic volcano with no historical eruptions.</p><br>
<p>The island of Balut is located about 13 km from mainland Mindanao, separated by the Sarangani Strait. Balut, Sarangani and Olanivan Islands make up the island group known as the Sarangani Islands. The group comprises the Municipality of Sarangani of Davao Occidental. Mabila on Balut Island is the town&#39;s center for commerce and the local government.</p><br>
<p>Balut is subdivided into 8 barangays:</p><br>
<h2>Topography</h2><br>
<p>Balut Island, the westernmost of the Sarangani Islands, is the larger, higher, and better cultivated than Sarangani Island. In the center of the island is Balut Volcano, which is fumarolic on occasion. Balut Island rises to about 1,800 m from the seabed with the highest elevation at 862 m above mean sea level. Base diameter of the island is 8 km.</p><br>
<p>If seen from the northwest, it appears between two peaks. Northeast is another peak of Balut, southwest of the peak is the Langab volcano. In the southeast part of the island is Ten Seventy Hill with an elevation of 1,083 ft.</p><br>
<h2>Coastline</h2><br>
<p>The north and east coasts are bordered by a reef, which in some places extends out over 1 mile, while on the south and west sides the fringing reef does not extend out to any distance. Off the southwest point is a rock island called Manamil Island with an elevation of 40 ft. Lajan Point, the northeast point of the island, is low and covered by mangroves.</p><br>
<p>South of the Lajan Point is Mabila, which is the poblacion or town center of the Municipality of Sarangani. The Port of Mabila is the main port of entry to the island and the gateway to the rest of the municipality.</p><br>
<h2>Classification</h2><br>
<p>Balut is classified by Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology as a potentially active stratovolcano with solfataric activity. Hot springs and thermally altered grounds with temperatures of 95 - are located at the west and Ssouthwest basal slopes of Balut Volcano. Temperature at the Palabuno Hot Spring is 42 &deg;C.</p><br>
<h2>Volcanic activity</h2><br>
<p>There are no reports of eruptions in historical times. The January 4, 1641 eruption that enveloped most of Mindanao in darkness was falsely attributed to Balut Volcano, as well as other volcanoes in the Philippines. Later studies proved that the eruption came from Mount Parker, 80 km NW of Balut Island.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Rock type on the volcano is predominantly basalt and andesite. Balut is part of the Central Mindanao Arc, an area of frequent earthquakes and volcanic activity. All volcanoes in the Philippines are part of the Pacific ring of fire. Like most volcanoes in southern Philippines, Balut Volcano is little studied scientifically.</p><br>
<p>The Coyote Mountains are a small mountain range in San Diego and Imperial Counties in southern California. The Coyotes form a narrow ESE trending 2 mi wide range with a length of about 12 mi. The southeast end turns and forms a 2 mi north trending "hook". The highest point is Carrizo Mountain on the northeast end with an elevation of 2,408 ft. Mine Peak at the northwest end of the range has an elevation of 1,850 ft. Coyote Wash along I-8 along the southeast margin of the range is 100 to 300 feet in elevation. Plaster City lies in the Yuha Desert about 5.5 mi east of the east end of the range.</p><br>
<p>To the southeast lie the Jacumba Mountains and the Volcanic Hills. To the north and northeast lie the Carrizo Badlands, the Carrizo Valley and the Fish Creek Mountains. The west end of the range is within the Anza-Borrego Desert State Park and the east end is within the Carrizo Naval Gunnery Range. The international border lies approximately 11 mi south of the southeast margin of the range.</p><br>
<p>The range consists of sand dunes left over from the ancient inland Sea of Cortez. Seismic activity has raised these. Much of the terrain is still loose dirt, interspersed with sandstone and occasional quartz veins. A dirt road leads towards the mountains, starting off State Highway 2 (S2), also known as the Imperial Highway, not far from the desert community of Ocotillo.</p><br>
<p>There are no marked trails and the footing is treacherous, made up of loose sand, dirt and crumbled shards of sandstone. Most slopes have no vegetation, but there is occasional mesquite and ocotillo, with coastal cholla at lower elevations. The local fauna includes jackrabbits and sparrows.</p><br>
<p>There are a few ancient sand dunes that have been fossilized and hollowed out by winds, producing wind caves. Marine fossils such as sand dollars and snails can be found, but it is illegal to remove any fossils.</p><br>
<p>Retreat is a historic home located at Port Tobacco, Charles County, Maryland, United States. It is a one story, clapboard-sheathed, frame house with a double chimney. The principal part of the house was built about 1770. Also located on the property is a frame, pyramid-roofed meathouse, dating from the early 19th century, and moved here from another historic property in the county known as "Brentland" in 1953. The home, approached by a private gravel road, is surrounded by cultivated fields, meadows, and woodland, preserving its original agricultural and rural setting. The house is one of the earliest known examples of the side-passage, two-room dwelling in Charles County. It is associated with Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer and Daniel Jenifer.</p><br>
<p>Retreat was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.</p><br>
<p>The Nata River or Manzamnyama River is a natural watercourse in Southern Africa. It is an ephemeral river flowing in Zimbabwe and Botswana. It has a length of 330 km from its source to mouth, 210 km in Zimbabwe and 120 km in Botswana. Its total catchment area is 24,585 km. The river originates in Sandown , a small farming town located on the Zimbabwean central watershed 50 km south west of Bulawayo and ends in the Makgadikgadi Pans  in Botswana. There is no outlet from the salt pans which can be considered as the “dead sea” of the south. The upper reaches of the river are located in a commercial farming area where good environmental and farming practices have resulted in the river experiencing very little siltation/sedimentation. Impressive sedimentation starts occurring about 65 km along the river course marking the beginning of a 90 km stretch in Zimbabwe where the river passes through communal farming areas. It is on this stretch where the sand-abstraction potential of the river is realised and communities rely on the sand river water for domestic, farming and livestock purposes. Within the country of Botswana the Nata River is a source of water to the ephemeral wetlands of the Makgadikgadi Pans, where a number of species of limited distribution thrive. Specifically the Nata River discharges to Sua Pan, draining parts of eastern Botswana and southwestern Zimbabwe.</p><br>
<p>The Great Sierra Mine Historic Site preserves the site of the largest mining operation in what would become Yosemite National Park. The mine was located on Tioga Hill on the crest and eastern slope of the Sierra Nevada, one of several claims intended to work the Sheepherder silver lode. The Sheepherder lode was discovered in 1860, and rediscovereed by shepherd Thomas Brusky, Jr., who staked a number of claims in the area. In 1881 all of the claims were bought out by the Great Sierra Consolidated Silver Mining Company and established the company town of Dana. Due to the 11,000 foot altitude the town was soon relocated to the bottom of the hill at Bennettville.</p><br>
<p>After an adit was driven 1784 feet into the side of the hill at an expenditure of $300,000, operations were closed down in 1884. They resumed with modern equipment in 1933, but did not find the Sheepherder Lode, and operations ceased for good.</p><br>
<p>Today, five stone cabins, a powder house and a blacksmith shop remain. The shafts have collapsed or have been filled in.</p><br>
<p>The Hibbard Apartment Building is an apartment building located at 8905 East Jefferson Avenue in Detroit, Michigan, directly adjacent to The Kean. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Hibbard Apartment Building is a nine-story structure with 40 units. The exterior is primarily red brick, with limestone on the first two stories. The façade is decorated with limestone decorative elements such as balustrades, pediments, and quoins. A pair of swags are located ject below the cornice.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>The building is notable for its handsome Renaissance Revival design. In addition, the Hibbard is notable for its architect, Robert O. Derrick, who also designed the National Historic Landmark Henry Ford Museum in Dearborn, Michigan.</p><br>
<p>The building is currently operated as an apartment building by Cynex Enterprises.</p><br>
<p>The Kean is an apartment building located at 8925 East Jefferson Avenue in Detroit, Michigan, directly adjacent to the Hibbard Apartment Building. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Kean is a striking Art Deco apartment building designed by Charles Noble in 1931. The building is sixteen stories high, containing four apartments per floor. The main structure is brick; the entrance is embellished with light orange terra cotta, inset medallions, and Corinthian columns. The hipped roof is tiled, and edged with a red and white checkerboard pattern and gargoyles.</p><br>
<p>With the onset of the Great Depression, this was the last of the large residential apartments built along Jefferson until well after World War II. The building is currently operated as an apartment building by Cynex Enterprises.</p><br>
<p>The Mt. Carmel Monastery is a historic monastery located at Port Tobacco, Charles County, Maryland, United States. It is a two-part frame house, the main block of which was built about 1790 and restored in 1936-37, and consists of a two-story structure with a moderately pitched gable roof. The entire house, devoid of any extraneous ornamentation, reflects the austerity of the life of the Carmelite nuns who are believed to have used this house as their residence. The monastery was founded on October 15, 1790, by four Belgian Carmelite nuns, three of them former natives of Charles County. In 1831 the nuns then in residence were ordered to transfer the convent to Baltimore, Maryland, and this property was abandoned. In 1933 an organization called the Restorers of Mt. Carmel in Maryland, formed to aid in the restoration of the site.</p><br>
<p>The Mt. Carmel Monastery was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.</p><br>
<p>Bryantown Historic District is a national historic district in Bryantown, Charles County, Maryland. It consists of 19 contributing buildings, structures, and sites and five non-contributing buildings and structures. The nucleus of the district is a group of four 19th century buildings flanking Old Route 5 west of the former crossroads. Included among these are two c. 1820 structures of major interest, the Bryantown Tavern and Brick House Lot. The latter is notable for its formal Federal design.</p><br>
<p>The two most physically prominent structures in Bryantown are Evergreen and the Smith House; both built near the turn of the 20th century. Evergreen is the finest example of Victorian Carpenter Gothic architecture in Charles County. Also built early in the 20th century are the John T. Mudd House and the Carrico House, both of which are two-story, three-bay dwellings architecturally typical of a rural community in this region. There are also two, two-story, gambrel-roofed tobacco barns located near the northwest corner of the village that preserve the community&#39;s ties to the agricultural region it once served and the mid-19th century storehouses of "Boarman and Mudd" and "William N. Bean & Co."</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.</p><br>
<p>Hurlbut Memorial Gate is a monumental structure, 132 ft long, 50 ft high, and 40 ft in depth, at the entry way to Water Works Park located at East Jefferson Avenue and Cadillac Boulevard in a historic area of Detroit, Michigan. It is named after Chauncey  Hurlbut, a 19th-century Detroit grocer, president of the Board of Water Commissioners, and philanthropist. The gate was designated a Michigan State Historic Site in 1974 The monument was built in 1894 and fully restored in 2007.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The city of Detroit began building its water system as early as 1836, with the construction of a waterworks at the foot of Orleans. The prosperity of the city in the time after the Civil War allowed Detroit to develop a municipal water system, using water from the Detroit River. Waterworks Park was named Gladwin Park in 1910 in honor of Major Henry Gladwin during Siege of Fort Detroit from Pontiac&#39;s Rebellion; however, the park is still more widely known as Waterworks Park.</p><br>
<h2>Chauncey Hurlbut</h2><br>
<p>Chauncey Hurlbut (1803–1885) was born in Oneida, New York, and moved to Detroit in 1825. He worked as a saddler and harnessmaker for a few years, then went into the grocery business with his brother-in-law. In 1837, Hurlbut bought out the grocery store, and continued in the trade until his death. and again from 1868 to 1885. He was president of the commission from 1871 onward, when he presided over the original acquisition of property for and planning of Waterworks Park.</p><br>
<p>When Chauncey Hurlbut died in 1885, he willed the bulk of his fortune, some $250,000, to beautify Waterworks Park. The architectural philosophies of the era called for construction of monumental gates at the entrances to public places, to symbolically separate the park from the hustle and filth of the city. Part of Hurlbut&#39;s fortune was used to construct just such a gate.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Herman A. Brede and Gustave Mueller were chosen to design this gate at a cost of $30,000. The structure is a three tiered triumphal arch, 132 ft in length, 40 ft in depth, and over 50 ft high, built from limestone. It is decorated with carved garlands, water fonts and roundels, and an American eagle with outstretched wings tops the entire structure. Two stairways lead to a terrace twelve feet above the ground.</p><br>
<p>The gate originally featured a statue of Chauncey Hurlbut inside the center dome, and an ornamental iron gate for vehicle entry, but both are now gone.</p><br>
<p>The Crane Flat Fire Lookout in Yosemite National Park was built in 1931. An example of the National Park Service Rustic style, the lookout is a two-story structure with a lower storage or garage level and an upper observation level, with an overhanging roof. Design work was carried out by the National Park Service Landscape Division.</p><br>
<p>The lookout was the first in Yosemite, and was still in use in the 1980s. It was designed in the National Park Service Rustic style, and is one of only four similar structures in California, with the Henness Ridge Fire Lookout being the only other in Yosemite. These lookouts were specifically designed to blend with their surroundings, in contrast to the metal towers used by the USA Forest Service. The Crane Flat lookout was included in an influential portfolio of park structures assembled by Thomas Chalmers Vint, chief landscape architect of the National Park Service to be used as prototypes for general use.</p><br>
<p>Pusweli Oya is a major tributary of Kelani Ganga river in Sri Lanka.</p><br>
<p>Starting from the hills in Puswelihena in Horana Division of Kalutara District, it flows northwards through a low-lying flat land (6–10 meters above sea level) converted into rice fields, which ultimately becomes the stream&#39;s flood plain during rainy seasons. On its way, the stream is joined by the Ma Dola starting from the hills of Madoluwawa and Kurugala, the Angomuwa Oya starting from Angomuwa and Miriyagal Kanda and the Arukwathu Oya starting from Udagama Kanda (1492 feet above sea level). The stream flows for 16 km down its valley before joining the Kelani Ganga near Hanwella. The lowest part of its valley is mostly covered by a large marshland known as Barawa marshland, where there are river loops and islets on its course. The flood plain of the stream is flooded many times annually mainly during the monsoon season from May to September and the inter-monsoon season of October and November.</p><br>
<p>Mount Aventine is a farm complex and national historic district located along the Potomac River in Bryans Road, Charles County, Maryland. The complex includes the main house; a second-quarter 19th century Greek Revival-influenced brick house. It was enlarged about 1860 to its present five-bay, center-passage, -story appearance. Also on the property are a 19th-century frame smokehouse, the site of another 19th-century house complex, late-19th /early-20th-century agricultural outbuildings, house and dairy barn complex built about 1900, historic roadbeds, a family cemetery, and sites of a 19th-century fishery and an 18th-century house.</p><br>
<p>Its former cupola was used as a signal station by the Federal government during the American Civil War. The Chapman family owned the Mt. Aventine tract from 1751 until 1916, and the ferry operated by them was one of several important crossings of the Potomac River connecting Northern Virginia to Maryland.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1996,</p><br>
<p>The house is open for tours during special events hosted by the Friends of Chapman State Park.</p><br>
<p>Mount Aventine - Chapman House Rear.jpgRear of the Chapman House</p><br>
<p>Mount Aventine - Abandoned Barn Complex.jpgAbandoned barn</p><br>
<p>Port Tobacco Historic District is a national historic district in Port Tobacco, Charles County, Maryland. It is located along both sides of Chapel Point Road immediately south of Maryland Route 6. It includes five surviving 18th and 19th century buildings; four have been privately restored as single family residences. The fifth was renovated for use as a children&#39;s museum. Two of these buildings, Chimney House and Stagg Hall , are immediately adjacent to one another at one corner of the town square.</p><br>
<p>In 1972, the 1821-1892 courthouse was reconstructed on its original site for use as a museum of local history. Other buildings include several private residences built after 1940. A brick wellhouse was erected in 1958 to commemorate the county&#39;s tercentenary. Approximately 90 percent of the historic features of the community constitute archeological sites, nearly all of which have remained undisturbed by later development.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.</p><br>
<p>Thainston is a farm complex and national historic district in La Plata, Charles County, Maryland, United States. The main house is a two-story, L-shaped brick house built in 1865 and enlarged early in the 20th century. It was designed by Eben Faxon, a Baltimore architect, and constructed under the supervision of Charles Ogle, a building contractor also from Baltimore. The farm developed between 1865 and the 1930s. Included on the property are a number of early dependencies, including a wellhouse, a brick dairy, a storage building, and a meathouse. A frame garage and large chicken house, both dating from the early 1900s, are on the property. There is also a collection of agricultural buildings including: tobacco barns, cattle barns, and equipment sheds clustered around a corncrib/granary. There are three frame tenant houses, several associated sheds, a probably early building site, an early well, a pit remaining from a former ice house, and the former ice ponds. Another early-20th century building, a tobacco barn, stands in a field to the west of the main grouping of agricultural buildings.</p><br>
<p>Thainston was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.</p><br>
<p>St. Mary&#39;s Roman Catholic Church, Newport is a historic church located at Newport, Charles County, Maryland. It was built about 1840, and converted for use as a parish hall in 1906. It is a rectangular brick structure, four bays in length and three bays wide. It is of simple architectural styling typical of the Greek Revival period in this locality. Located on the property is the church cemetery, which includes the burial plot of the Brent-Merrick family, including congressman William Duhurst Merrick . It has several impressively scaled and ornamented monuments enclosed within a decorative mid-19th century wrought iron fence. Other memorial stones bear the signature of "A. Geddess," who founded the long-active Geddess monument firm of Baltimore in 1822.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991.</p><br>
<p>The Francis Haley House is a historic home in Cumberland, Allegany County, Maryland, United States. The house is an Italianate-influenced -story, brick structure built about 1870. It was erected as the residence of a brick manufacturer, Francis Haley.</p><br>
<p>The Francis Haley House is a good example of mid-19th-century middle-class domestic architecture, with Italianate elements, in Cumberland. Throughout various eras in American history, middle-class house builders across the country adapted elements from popular 19th-century architectural styles, such as the Italianate, Gothic and Victorian. These styles were applied with a more limited range of features to homes for the middle-class in a way that was less expensive, yet indicated the modernity of the house and its occupants. The Haley House is typical of this type of house form in Cumberland, and provides a contrast to the city&#39;s elaborate upper-class Italianate houses, such as those within the Washington Street Historic District.</p><br>
<p>The Haley House was built around 1870 for successful local brick manufacturer Francis Haley. Haley was active in the brick trade from the 1840s until his death in the early 1880s. In 1875, he was appointed a member of the committee for building a new city hall. Haley was partially responsible for the construction of the surrounding Rolling Mill neighborhood, where his extensive brick yards were located, along with industrial B&O Railroad operations for which the neighborhood was named. With the growth of the railroad, Rolling Mill rapidly expanded. The Haley House was one of the neighborhoods most elaborate homes. His appropriately brick house has been altered very little since Haleys occupancy, and still consist of two perpendicular rectangular blocks with low gabled roofs that are supported by brackets. The windows in the gable end feature rounded arches and the interior details are simple, yet massive. A portion of the original iron fence manufactured in Ohio, still separates the house from the street.</p><br>
<p>The Francis Haley House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972. It is located in the Rolling Mill Historic District.</p><br>
<p>The Saddlehorn Caretakers House and Garage, also known as the Stone House, the Rock House and the Superintendents Quarters is a house in Colorado National Monument. The National Park Service Rustic house was designed in 1934 by the National Park Service Branch of Plans and Designs and built in several phases by the Works Progress Administration and the Civilian Conservation Corps, using native red sandstone in a coursed ashlar pattern. Plans specified not only the general layout of the house and garage, but the specific dimensions of each stone and its location, using a technique of "built by detail".</p><br>
<p>The house and the associated properties are located at the intersection of Rim Rock Drive and the Saddle horn Loop, named after a distinctive nearby rock formation. Design was executed by W.G. Carney of the western division of the Branch of Plans and Design. Construction was carried out by craftsmen, known as LEM&#39;s (Local Experienced Men), with suitable skills, reputedly stonemasons of Italian descent. Much of the material came from Rim Rock Drive construction.</p><br>
<p>The three Saddlehorn National Register properties were nominated to the National Register of Historic Places as a multiple property submission on the basis of their related design and history. The residence and garage were the first structures built in the area, by CCC camp NM-2-C. A planned park headquarters adjacent to the house was designed but never built.</p><br>
<p>Public Safety Building, or Old Post Office, is a historic building in Cumberland, Allegany County, Maryland. It was constructed between 1902 and 1904, in the Classical Revival style. It is built of brick, rising from a monumental stone base. There is a slightly projecting pavilion with four engaged Ionic columns on the second and third floors. The building was built originally as the United States Courthouse and Post Office during the tenure of James Knox Taylor , who was Supervising Architect for the USA Treasury. It served as a courthouse of the United States District Court for the District of Maryland from 1904 to 1933. It is considered to be typical of buildings constructed during Taylor&#39;s tenure to the specifications of the Tarsney Act, which required competition in the design of federal buildings.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.</p><br>
<p>Western Maryland Railway Station is a historic railway station in Cumberland, Allegany County, Maryland. It was built in 1913 as a stop for the Western Maryland Railway . The building was operated as a passenger station until the WM ended service in 1959, and it continued to be used by the railway until 1976. It was subsequently restored and currently serves as a museum and offices, as well as the operating base for a heritage railway.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The station was designed by Baltimore architect C. M. Anderson, and sited on a filled-in basin at the terminus of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal. The building is a large commercial-style building that expresses the architectural functionalism of the turn of the 20th century. The brick structure is nine bays long and three bays wide, with two monumental stories on the west facade and three stories on the east. A one-story platform shelter runs along the west facade and extends out toward the tracks.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The WM began daily through-train passenger service between Baltimore and Chicago, by way of Cumberland, on June 15, 1913. For several years the premier trains on the route, the Chicago Limited and Baltimore Limited, featured Pullman sleeping car service. Other WM trains ran between Cumberland and Elkins, West Virginia. The number and variety of passenger trains decreased through the years of the Great Depression and aftwerward. The WM ended its passenger train service between Cumberland and Baltimore in 1953, and the Cumberland-Elkins trains ended in 1959.</p><br>
<p>The WM used the upper floors of the station for its Western Division offices, and a control tower, even after the railroad&#39;s absorption into the Chessie System, until the dispatchers were reassigned in 1976. The building slowly fell into disrepair, and Chessie leased it, and later sold it to the Kelly Tire Company to store tires. The City of Cumberland subsequently bought the building for one dollar.</p><br>
<h2>Restoration</h2><br>
<p>With the advent of the initiative in Cumberland to create a scenic railroad using the former WM trackage north out of the city, the station was partially restored in 1990. Full restoration did not begin, however, until the creation of the Canal Place Preservation and Development Authority in 1996. This restoration created a museum area for the National Park Service on the first floor; a waiting area, gift shop, and cafe on the second floor; and office spaces on the third and fourth floors. Exterior work included the construction of an elevator tower; third, display track; a second platform; handicapped passenger accessibility ramp; and the restoration of the platform shelters, WM employee memorial, and the pedestrian railroad underpass.</p><br>
<p>Today the building is part of a preservation district called Canal Place, a facility operated by the Canal Place Preservation and Development Authority. The station houses offices of the Authority, the Western Maryland Scenic Railroad, a visitors center for the C&O Canal National Historic Park, and leased offices to local officials and businesses.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.</p><br>
<p>The Chateau Frontenac Apartments was an apartment building located at 10410 East Jefferson Avenue in Detroit, Michigan. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991, but was subsequently demolished. It bore the name of the famous Chateau Frontenac hotel.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Chateau Frontenac was an eight-story apartment building constructed from buff brick, with off-white terra cotta details and a hipped roof of green Spanish tile. The building was Mediterranean Revival with some French Gothic accents, and covered an "E"-shaped plan area.</p><br>
<p>Different bonds of brick (including American bond and English bond) were used throughout to add textural interest. Fanlike terra cotta motifs were inserted above second floor windows. Cartouches of terra cotta were placed between the top-floor windows, and decorative terra cotta eave brackets were beneath the roof. Three-sided multi-paned bay windows projected into the courtyard.</p><br>
<p>The interior of the building originally held 102 apartments. Decorative elements included wood frame moldings and hallway cornices with leaf motifs.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Chateau Frontenac Apartments was originally designed and owned by architect J. Will Wilson. The Chateau Frontenac was one of several high quality apartment buildings that opened along East Jefferson Avenue in the first few decades of the twentieth century. However, Wilson apparently had financial troubles during the construction of the building, and he was forced to sell the building in 1927. The building had a succession of owners from that time until its eventual demolition.</p><br>
<p>The Saddlehorn Comfort Station is one of a group of related structures listed on the National Register of Historic Places in Colorado National Monument. The comfort station  and the nearby caretaker&#39;s house, garage and the Saddlehorn Utility Area Historic District feature a consistent interpretation of the National Park Service Rustic style, featuring coursed ashlar sandstone masonry and log-supported roof structure. The comfort station was designed in 1936 by W.G. Carney of the National Park Service Branch of Plans and Designs, and built by labor from the Works Progress Administration and the Civilian Conservation Corps. Plans specified not only the general layout of the house and garage, but the specific dimensions of each stone and its location, using a technique of "built by detail".</p><br>
<p>The comfort station is located at the intersection of Rim Rock Drive and the Saddlehorn Loop, named after a distinctive nearby rock formation. Construction was carried out by craftsmen, known as LEM&#39;s (Local Experienced Men), with suitable skills, reputedly stonemasons of Italian descent. Much of the material came from Rim Rock Drive construction. The comfort station was built by the men of CCC camp NM-2-C.</p><br>
<p>The three Saddlehorn National Register properties were nominated to the National Register of Historic Places as a multiple property submission on the basis of their related design and history.</p><br>
<p>Temple Israel is a historic synagogue located at Lafayette, Tippecanoe County, Indiana. Its 1867 building is one of the oldest synagogue buildings in the United States.</p><br>
<p>The congregation, which was formed in 1849, was the second Jewish congregation organized in Indiana. In 1874 it became a founding member of the Union of American Hebrew Congregations. The congregation moved to its third and present location on Cumberland Avenue in West Lafayette.</p><br>
<h2>Historic building</h2><br>
<p>The Temple Israel building of 1866–1867, located at 17 South 7th St., was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982. It is a two-story Rundbogenstil structure.</p><br>
<p>In 1976 the old synagogue building was purchased from the Red Cross by the Unitarian Universalist Church of Lafayette, Indiana. The UU congregation vacated this location in October 2007.</p><br>
<p>The Godley Reservoir is a reservoir in Godley, Hyde, Greater Manchester. It was completed in 1851, as a critical part of the Longdendale Chain project that brings fresh water to Manchester.</p><br>
<p>The Manchester Corporation Waterworks Act 1847 gave permission for the construction of the Woodhead, Hollingworth and Arnfield reservoirs, and the construction of a masonry aqueduct to convey drinking water from Arnfield and Hollingworth to a service reservoir at Godley.</p><br>
<p>Water was captured from the River Etherow and stored in the great reservoirs and then flowed through the 6-foot bore Mottram Tunnel to Godley. At Godley the water was filtered by passing it through straining frames made of oak and fine wires. It was chlorinated to remove bacteria and then entered Manchester&#39;s water distribution network. This method was successfully used until the early 1960s, when additional treatment works were built at Arnfield and Godley.</p><br>
<p>In 2016 United Utilities completed the construction of a 3 MW 45,500 sqm floating solar farm, the second and largest of its type in the UK, on the reservoir.</p><br>
<p>Western Maryland Railroad Right-of-Way, Milepost 126 to Milepost 160 is a historic section of the Western Maryland Railway  in Allegany County, Maryland, and in Morgan County, West Virginia. It is an abandoned 34 mi section of the right-of-way between milepost 126 at the intersection of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal  and Long Ridge Road, Woodmont, and milepost 160 just west of Maryland Route 51, North Branch. It closely parallels the Potomac River and the C&O Canal running along the north bank of the river. Seven miles of the roadbed are in West Virginia near Paw Paw, and include three tunnels.</p><br>
<p>WM completed opened the line between Hagerstown and Cumberland, Maryland in 1906. It was abandoned by the Chessie System in 1975.</p><br>
<p>The National Park Service acquired the roadbed in 1980 for the C&O Canal National Historical Park. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1981. Towns it is listed in include North Branch, Oldtown, Little Orleans and Woodmont, Maryland, and Jerome, West Virginia.</p><br>
<p>The Vanity Ballroom Building is a public building located at 1024 Newport Street  in Detroit, Michigan. Although the building is recorded as the last intact ballroom of the multiple Detroit dance halls that hosted big bands in the 1930s&ndash;50s, such claims ignore the abandoned yet still standing Grande Ballroom on Grand River Avenue.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Vanity Ballroom was designed in 1929 by Charles N. Agree as a flamboyant venue in which to socialize, dance and hear music. The ballroom was a major venue for bands of the 1930s and 1940s, such as those of Tommy Dorsey, Jimmy Dorsey, Duke Ellington, Benny Goodman, Red Nichols, Russ Morgan, Art Mooney, Woody Herman, and Pee Wee Hunt. The Vanity billed itself as "Detroit&#39;s most beautiful dance rendezvous".</p><br>
<p>The ballroom was closed in 1958, but reopened in 1964 for one night a week. It was eventually completely shuttered, and although it played a bit part in the Eminem feature film 8 Mile in 2002, it remains closed and dilapidated.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Vanity Ballroom is a two-story building originally containing five retail shops on the first floor and a ballroom on the second. It is built in the Art Deco style with an Aztec or Mayan Revival theme and measures 125 by.</p><br>
<p>It is constructed of steel and reinforced concrete and faced with brick. The bulk of the brickwork uses orange brick; this is complemented with darker brick and cast stones. There is a three-sided entrance pavilion at the corner of the structure, and the façades to either side (along both Jefferson Avenue and Newport Street) are nearly identical. These façades terminate in smaller entrance pavilions; all three pavilions are slightly taller than the rest of the façades and contain a geometric stone pattern near the top. The multi-paned windows on the second floor are flanked by pilasters and topped with Art Deco geometric designs echoing those of the Aztecs.</p><br>
<p>The ballroom was built to accommodate 1,000 couples, and has a 5,600 ft&sup2; maple dance floor, a stage or bandstand, and a promenade on three sides. The dance floor was built on springs which intentionally compressed under the weight of the people who danced on it, giving the dancers a bounce as they moved. The backdrop of the stage features a scene representing Chichen Itza.</p><br>
<p>Three of the retail shops on the first floor also had interiors designed by Agree; their interiors echo the Art Deco Aztec theme of the exterior. Within the retail spaces, Agree used elements such as wood and marble trim and terrazzo floors.</p><br>
<p>The exteriors of these first-floor stores have been substantially changed with many of the Mayan flavored elements torn off the façade.</p><br>
<p>Coxs Creek, a watercourse of the Cooks River catchment, is located in the Inner West of Sydney, in New South Wales, Australia.</p><br>
<h2>Course and features</h2><br>
<p>Coxs Creek rises northeast of Punchbowl railway station and flows generally north northeast, before reaching its confluence with the Cooks River,</p><br>
<p>The creek begins as a stormwater drain, then runs in the open through the Coxs Creek Wetland, a 1.84 hectare reserve containing significant remnant bushland including some Cooks River Castlereagh Ironbark Forest habitat. Including tree specimens of mugga ironbark (Eucalyptus sideroxylon), narrow-leaved ironbark (E. crebra), broad-leaved ironbark (E. fibrosa), and tallowwood (E. microcorys). The forest habitat is noted as an endangered ecological community. Acacia pubescens (Downy Wattle) is a vulnerable flora species present as is the locally endangered Tadgell’s Bluebell (Wahlenbergia multicaulis). The endangered Green and Golden Bell Frog (Litoria aurea) has been recorded and frog ponds constructed as part of the creek. The frog has not been seen in the creek since 1995, though they are still present in the nearby constructed wetlands at the Juno Parade Brick Pit.</p><br>
<p>In 2005 Sydney Ports Corporation proposed works including fauna corridors and "frog ramps" to encourage their return. Along much of its length the creek is a combination of covered channel and an uncovered concrete lined trench. As the creek passes through the reserve it is open and the 2010 management plan calls for restoration of this part of the creek and the adjacent riparian zone.</p><br>
<p>The Montana State Prison is a men&#39;s correctional facility of the Montana Department of Corrections in unincorporated Powell County, Montana, about 3.5 mi west of Deer Lodge. The current facility was constructed between 1974 and 1979 in response to the continued degeneration of the original facility located in downtown Deer Lodge.</p><br>
<p>The "Old Prison" (46&deg;23&prime;33&Prime;N latitude, 112&deg;44&prime;10&Prime;W longitude) served as the Montana Territorial Prison from its creation in 1871 until Montana achieved statehood in 1889, then continued as the primary penal institution for the State of Montana until 1979. Throughout the prison&#39;s history, the institution was plagued with constant overcrowding, insufficient funds, and antiquated facilities. The administration of Warden Frank Conley from 1890 to 1921 proved the exception to this rule, as Warden Conley instituted extensive inmate labor projects that kept many inmates at work constructing the prison buildings and walls as well as providing various state and community services like road building, logging, and ranching.</p><br>
<p>After Conley left office, the prison experienced almost forty years of degeneration, mismanagement, and monetary restraints until an explosive riot in 1959 captured the attention of the nation. Led by Jerry Myles and Lee Smart, the riot maintained the prison under inmate control for thirty-six hours before the Montana National Guard stormed the institution to restore order. The facility was retired in September 1979, and the inmates were moved to the current prison. The Old Prison was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1976 and is now a museum.</p><br>
<h2>Territorial prison</h2><br>
<h3>Facility history</h3><br>
<p>In response to rampant lawlessness and the vigilante-style form of justice present in the newly formed Montana Territory, in 1867 the US Congress allotted $40,000 to Montana for the express purpose of constructing a territorial prison. On 19 November 1867, the territorial government chose Deer Lodge as the site of the facility, and on 2 June 1870, the cornerstone was laid. The original plans for the building called for a structure which held three tiers of fourteen cells, but due to the difficulty of acquiring materials, the cost to ship those materials, and the expense of hiring labor, the new building would house only one of the three tiers. On 2 July 1871, US Marshal William Wheeler took possession of the first nine prisoners to be incarcerated in the facility.</p><br>
<p>It only took a single month before the prison was overcrowded; by August, six more prisoners had arrived. The burgeoning population was quelled somewhat when, in June 1874, another tier of fourteen cells was constructed, and the civilians of Deer Lodge were calmed when a twelve foot board fence went up in 1875. The prisons population continued to grow, so Congress allocated an additional $15,000 for the construction of another tier of cells, but the soft brick of the building could not support any more weight. Instead, the money went into an administration building with guard barracks, a wardens office, and a visitor&#39;s reception. Finally, in 1885, $25,000 served to provide the prison with a three story cellblock with 42 double-occupancy cells which was completed in 1886.</p><br>
<h3>Prison life</h3><br>
<p>The system of managing inmates at the Montana Territorial Prison was intended to follow the Auburn system of penal reform, a method pioneered at Auburn Prison in New York state in the 1820s. The Auburn system, or the silent system, hinged on prisoners working in groups during the day, maintaining solitary confinement at night, and adhering to a strict code of silence at all times. This rehabilitation method was doomed to fail in Montana, primarily due to the severe overcrowding which plagued the facility from the start.</p><br>
<p>Within a month of the prison opening its doors, the building was overcrowded. This state of affairs persisted throughout the territorial years, reaching its peak in 1885. In that year, 120 inmates were incarcerated at the institution which claimed only 28 cells, or four inmates per cell. Inmates camped on the prison grounds, but it wasn&#39;t until the completion of the 1886 cell block with its 42 double-occupancy cells and a round of generous paroles that the prison felt relief.</p><br>
<p>Although the completion of the cell block meant a roof over a prisoner&#39;s head, the amenities of the facility were sparse. The cells measured 6 × 8 ft, were constructed of soft brick, and had no plumbing or artificial lights. The building had no heating or ventilation, and, in a region which often experienced temperatures below -30 &deg;F in the winter and above 100 &deg;F in the summer, this made for very uncomfortable tenants. To alleviate the discomfort, the administration used wood stoves to heat the building and oil lamps to light it, the smoke from which combined with the stench of bucketed human waste and unwashed bodies to make the environment rank.</p><br>
<p>The prison hired a physician to keep the inmates somewhat healthy but provided no pharmaceuticals; any drugs required to administer to the inmates had to be purchased using his own salary. Between May and November 1873, the overworked doctor reported 67 illnesses in a population of 21 inmates, or about three maladies per prisoner during a span of six months. These sicknesses can be mostly attributed to the crowded, unsanitary conditions of the prison itself and to the poor quality of food provided to the inmates. Since the prison was operating on a shoestring budget, it had to feed the inmates with what the territory could provide. Therefore, few fruits and vegetables found their way into the diet, and the inmates made do with a menu heavy in proteins and starch.</p><br>
<h2>Warden Conley years</h2><br>
<p>Montana became a state in November 1889, but the fledgling state had neither the will nor the money to assume possession of the prison until March 1890. The facility was a money-sink, costing over $2 per day per inmate to run, an eyesore, and an administerial nightmare. Montana decided to do what many other states at the time were doing; they contracted the running of the prison to a pair of men who offered to care for the inmates at the rate of $.70 per day per inmate for the first 100, and $1.00 per day for each inmate over. These men were the warden of the facility since 1885, Thomas McTague, and his partner, Guard Frank Conley.</p><br>
<h3>Warden Frank Conley</h3><br>
<p>Born on 28 February 1864 in Havre de Grace, Maryland, Frank Conley set off for the American West at the age of sixteen and landed in Montana, working to create what would later become Yellowstone National Park. By 1884, he was a member of the Central Montana Vigilance Committee and later became Deputy Sheriff of Custer County, Montana. In 1886, he supervised a prisoner transport to Deer Lodge, and, upon learning of a vacancy in the ranks of the guards, immediately took the post. In March 1890, he ascended to the position of Warden of the Montana State Prison, while McTague remained more-or-less aloof from the administration of the prison, focusing his attentions on the financial backing of the institution. Conley oversaw everything else and launched a series of projects which made the Montana State Prison function.</p><br>
<h3>Conley builds</h3><br>
<p>Possibly the most important, or at least longest lasting, contribution Warden Conley made to the Montana State Prison are the plethora of buildings he left in his wake. He believed that idleness bred insurrection, so he set about using prison labor to build the prison.</p><br>
<p>At first, Conley focused on bettering the prison facility. Immediately after taking the position of warden, he put the inmates to work to build a log cell-house to alleviate the rampant overcrowding. The building housed 150 inmates in one large room in two tiers of wooden bunks, and was used on and off over the course of the next decade.</p><br>
<p>Conley waited for a few years before starting one of his biggest projects—the prison walls. In 1893, he put his prisoners to work to construct the 20 to 22 ft. high walls which extended underground for four feet and were 3½ ft. thick underground and tapered to two feet thick at the top. The wall was constructed of locally quarried sandstone mined, shaped, mortared, and placed by prison labor. The walls had six towers, a sally port to admit vehicles, and a smaller portal to admit people. The imposing structure with its crenellated towers dominates the southern end of Main Street Deer Lodge and resembles a medieval castle.</p><br>
<p>In 1896, Conley deemed the old Territorial Penitentiary insufficient, even after remodeling it to house 164 inmates, so he constructed the first of two cellblocks. The 1896 Cellblock bordered the Territorial building on its southern side and could house 256 inmates in four tiers of thirty-two cells, each measuring 6 ft. long, 8 ft. deep, and 7 ft tall. Each door locked individually, which, when combined with the wood stoves which heated the building and the wooden roof, created a safety hazard in the case of a fire. Electricity didn&#39;t enter the building until after the start of the 20th century, but this building was a marked improvement from the antiquated Territorial building.</p><br>
<p>In 1902, in response to concerns over womens rights, Conley built a separate building outside the walls for his female prisoners. It was a small, stuffy building with no plumbing and a tiny exercise yard, but it gave the women inmates a degree of separation and safety they had previously been denied. This building would eventually be converted into a maximum security facility in 1959 in response to the riot which happened in that year, and Montanas women prisoners would eventually be moved to their own prison.</p><br>
<p>1911 saw an extension of the original walls by 48,000 ft&sup2;. Tower Seven, in the middle of the eastern wall which bordered Main Street, became the main entrance to the prison and would remain so until the facility closed.</p><br>
<p>To respond to the ever-increasing number of inmates flooding the Montana correctional system, in 1912 Conley supervised the building of another cellblock. Called "Cellblock 1" by guards and prisoners, the building sandwiched the old Territorial building between itself and the 1896 cellblock, now called "Cellblock 2". The building was made of cut granite and prison-made brick, could house 400 prisoners in 200 cells along two corridors of four tiers of 25 cells each, and came complete with a sink and self-flushing toilet in each cell, a ventilation system, and a door-locking system which could open any combination of doors simultaneously.</p><br>
<p>In 1919, Warden Conleys personal friend William A. Clark, one of Butte, Montanas Copper Kings, donated $10,000 for the construction of a first in US Prison history—a prison theater. Dubbed the WA Clark Theatre, the pride of the Montana State Prison was completed in March 1920. It boasted seating for 1,000 people in leather-covered seats and catered to prisoners and members of the community alike. It hosted concerts, plays, prizefights, movies, and more. For Conley, it became an instant disciplinary tool; unruly inmates were denied access to the theater. The theater was a mainstay of prison life until its destruction by an unknown arsonist on 3 December 1975.</p><br>
<p>Though the buildings inside the prison grounds were extensive and labor and time consuming, Warden Conley did not stop there. During his tenure as warden, he used prison labor to run eleven separate ranches About road building, Conley stated:</p><br>
<h4>Escape attempts</h4><br>
<p>Perhaps in response to punishment like the hole, some prisoners strove to escape. In 1902, the inmate stable boss of a barn outside the walls named Thomas OBrien drugged Conleys dogs, used for hunting and tracking down escaped convicts, stole Conleys prized racehorse, and escaped. OBrien ended up leaving the horse, bridle, and saddle in a nearby pasture and disappeared for 18 days, after which he turned himself in. He was paroled in 1903 and quickly published a controversial book, Infamy Immortal, describing his treatment at the hands of Conley. The book caused a minor stir, but nothing came of it.</p><br>
<p>A more serious escape attempt happened in 1908 that left Deputy Warden Robinson dead and Warden Conley severely wounded. It was Conleys habit to hold what he called a "wardens court" each morning where inmates could air their grievances. At 6 ft tall and weighing roughly 300 lb., Warden Frank Conley was an imposing man, and he considered himself more than a match for the men he maintained. What his physical bulk could not handle, the.41 caliber pistol he habitually carried would. He was shown just how vulnerable he was when, on the morning of 8 March, Deputy John A. Robinson admitted the men lined up to speak with the warden and was rushed by four men, W.A. Hayes, C.B. Young, Oram Stevens, and George Rock. Hayes managed to get past Robinson and burst into Conleys office, waving a knife and threatening the warden. Conley drew his pistol and fired twice, hitting Hayes in the ear. The remaining three inmates rushed in and Conley fired again, hitting George Rock, who retreated from the office. Hayes got back to his feet, and Conley shot him again and threw him into the hall after Rock. Conley then went to help Robinson, who was on the ground under Rock. Rock had already slashed the Deputys throat and was stabbing him when Conley threw a chair at the assailant, who turned on Conley. The warden fended the armed man off with the butt of his now empty pistol, and the escape attempt was ended at the end of a billy-club wielded by Guard E.H. Carver, who had had to break through the locked door to the hallway.</p><br>
<p>Deputy Robinson had been killed, and it took 103 stitches to stabilize Warden Conley. One of the slashes from Rocks blade had come a mere eighth of an inch from severing the wardens jugular, and he carried the scar from that wound to his deathbed. None of the rioters had died, and Conley made sure they were all fully healed before bringing them up on charges. Rock and Hayes were both given the death sentence for the assault, Stevens won his acquittal and served his original sentence, and Young&#39;s was extended to a life sentence. Conley oversaw both of the executions (Rock on 16 June 1908 and Hayes on 2 April 1909). The men were hanged using the upright jerker method, which used a 300 lb. weight to jerk the sentenced man from his feet. This method was supposed to snap the neck, but it failed in both instances. Rock and Hayes were the only two men to be executed within the prison walls.</p><br>
<h4>Conley's downfall</h4><br>
<p>In addition to the problems Conley had with prisoners, the community began to complain of his use of prisoners and the office of warden for personal gain. When he arrived in Deer Lodge, he had been a lowly deputy, but within twenty years had risen to be one of the most powerful men in the region. Through the years, he had become personal friends with William A. Clark, and through him the Anaconda Copper Mining Company, a subsidiary of John D. Rockefellers Standard Oil. Conley moved up the social stratus with his marriage to a Missoula, Montana socialite. While using prison labor to construct the prison itself, roads for the state, and buildings for state institutions, he had also found a way to have the inmates build him an expensive wardens residence across Main Street from the prison, a hunting lodge on the shores of his private lake and another for Thomas McTague, and a racetrack where he ran his own thoroughbreds. He also used the produce of the prison ranch and farm to entertain guests like Theodore Roosevelt, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Secretary of the Treasury William Gibbs McAdoo, several Montana governors, and, of course, Copper King William Clark and a number of directors of the Anaconda Mining company. At these events, he commonly used prisoners as cooks, waiters, and servants.</p><br>
<p>Warden of the Montana State Prison was not the only office Frank Conley held; he was voted Mayor of Deer Lodge from 1892–1893, 1895–1903, and again from 1907–1929, a position he held for eight years after being removed from his duties as warden. The man responsible for Conleys downfall was Governor Joseph M. Dixon. Dixon took office under the promise to remove the powerful Ananconda Mining company from state politics, and, upon hearing that the warden of the state prison was heavily involved with the Company, he launched a series of investigations and audits which laid bare the extent of Warden Conleys corruption between 1908 and 1921. Some points Dixon&#39;s auditor found were:</p><br>
<p>Appropriating beef, assorted groceries and produce, cream, and butter for his private use in the amount of some $8,330</p><br>
<p>Using over a half million tons of state coal for his private residence</p><br>
<p>Using and maintaining thirteen private autos at state expense, running up a gas, oil, and maintenance bill of over $12,000 per year on the vehicles</p><br>
<p>Using the prison&#39;s ranch to feed his private dairy herd and employing free inmate labor to care for and feed his livestock; and</p><br>
<p>Selling to the state (for use in the prison), dairy products and beef produced by the herd, at market rates</p><br>
<p>Dixon wasted no time in bringing Conley to trial on charges of corruption. The judge, however, could find no written statute which fully defined the relationship the state of Montana shared with Frank Conley, and so could find no laws Conley had broken. In the words of the judge, "every act of Conely…was in the interest of the state of Montana".</p><br>
<p>Although stripped of the influential office of warden, Conley continued as Mayor of Deer Lodge until 1929, and lived in the city until his death in Butte on 5 March 1939.</p><br>
<h2>Degeneration of the facility</h2><br>
<p>Immediately after the retirement of Warden Conley, the first in a long string of gubernatorial appointees, Warden M.W. Potter, strove to keep the prison functioning on a cost-effective basis. He pardoned a significant number of prisoners incarcerated during World War I and the early years of the Prohibition to keep overcrowding to a minimum and costs down. However, without Conley and his series of contacts to keep the prisoners busy, the number of extramural work programs dwindled, forcing more inmates to return to the facility. The prisoners were now faced with a heavily crowded living space that was not well suited to house them.</p><br>
<h3>Buildings</h3><br>
<p>Only three construction projects happened at the prison between 1921 and 1959. The first, funded in 1927 by a $40,000 grant from the state for use in constructing a license plate and garment factory inside the walls, instead went toward remodeling the old Territorial building, converting the central section into administerial offices, one wing into a license plant and the other wing into the garment factory. In 1932, this building would come down in the second construction opportunity for inmates—the construction of a new administration building. The simple, rectangular concrete building bridged the gap between the older, Gothic-style cellblocks and housed administration offices on the top floor and a dining hall, shoe shop, and laundry in the lower floor. 1935 saw the last new construction in the prison with an industrial shop complex that went up parallel to the north wall, perpendicular to the 1912 Cellblock. This building housed the prisons new hospital, including an infirmary, surgery, dentists office, psych ward, and doctor&#39;s office. Also in this building was the new license plate factory, which moved to the prison ranch in 1960, and eight cells, which were sometimes used as Death Row.</p><br>
<p>Meanwhile, the institution&#39;s existing buildings continued to degrade. The 1896 Cellblock still had no individual plumbing in the cells; a flush toilet had been installed on the ground level, but inmates had no access to it after lights out. The lighting in the cells was insufficient even for reading; the wiring installed at the start of the 20th century could barely power a 25 watt bulb. There was no ventilation, the wooden roof had not been replaced, and the cell doors still unlocked individually. A state investigation in 1931 found this cellblock to be "a disgrace to civilization".</p><br>
<p>The 1912 Cellblock was in better shape, though it was still substandard. It was stifling in the summer, when inmates on the top tiers would throw items through the windows to create a breeze, and freezing in the winter, when inmates on the bottom tiers would drape the bottom half of their cell doors with blankets to keep out the chill. There was one shower facility for the 400 inmates with three shower heads; one for a rinse, one for a soap, and the third for a final rinse. The prisoners would step under these one at a time in a single-file line.</p><br>
<h3>Administration</h3><br>
<p>In addition to the outdated facilities, the guard staff was underpaid, undertrained, and insufficient to manage the ever-increasing number of inmates. Guards at the Montana State Prison during this period were some of the lowest paid correctional officers in the United States, ranked 115 out of 120 state and local institutions. Their median salary was $1200 per year, where the national average was $2000. There were no benefits and no pension plan. Few wardens of the time ran background checks on potential guards, and there was no formal training after hire. By the mid-1950s, 80% of the guard staff were retirees over the age of 55, and in 1957, there was a 75% turnover of guards. In order for this staff to keep order in the prison, a re-institution of the Auburn system came into play, keeping inmates quiet, obedient, and segregated.</p><br>
<p>The succession of wardens added to the low morale of both guards and prisoners. Appointed by the Governor of Montana for their pliability, ease of placement, and political stature, the wardens of the prison rarely had law enforcement experience, and none had penal institution experience. Unfortunately, due to Conley&#39;s aggressive control of the facility, most of the administration of the prison rested in the hands of the warden, including the hiring and firing of guards, requests for new building permits from the state, and most of the parole functions of the institution. In fact, a parole board was not instituted until 1955. Many of the wardens, like A.B. Middleton, tried to better the facility, but those who did often failed. Middleton, who held the position from 1925 to 1937, oversaw all the new construction, but he did little to ease the strain of overpopulation and low morale. Possibly the least effective warden to hold the office was Faye O. Burrell, who was warden from 1953 to 1958. Burrell had been a Ravalli County sheriff before his tenure, and was a man who prided himself on his frugality. The state actually increased funding to the prison during his time, but Burrell decreased his implementation of funds, allowing money slated for updating facilities to go back into general state funds. His wardenship of the prison weathered two riots, and he resigned under heavy controversy.</p><br>
<h3>Prison life</h3><br>
<p>Since Conleys theory of reform was based so heavily on manual labor, he had spent little time and money on things like education and vocational training. In the 1920s, the prison library was the only means of inmate education; the only classes being taught boiled down to English-speaking instruction for immigrant inmates. The library itself, donated mostly by William Clark before 1920, was outdated, contained mainly light fiction, and had been stringently censored by prison officials. As far as vocational training was concerned, Conley had dealt the prison another blow by removing all his personal equipment from the warehouse, garage, and machine shop; since his contract specified that the buildings, grounds, and land belonged to the state, he had populated these important industries with his own materials to further entrench himself within the prison. This left the prisoners with only industries relating to the upkeep of the prison: laundry, garment construction, maintenance, a toy shop (which made toys for children in state institutions) and the prison band. In the 20s, the warden of the prison took on the role of Registrar of Motor Vehicles and obtained permission for inmates to manufacture license plates.</p><br>
<p>The jobs available to the prisoners were few; between 1930 and 1960, about 200 inmates out of a population averaging 550 had something to do. In the 1940s and &#39;50s, most prisoners spent twenty-two hours a day in their cells. The industries that were available were managed not by civilians or guards, but, due to the shortage of staff at the prison, by a system of inmate overseers. Called "con-bosses," these privileged inmates had complete control over their areas, reserving the right to choose which inmates worked under them, how much work they received, and what they had to do to receive work at all. Since work meant not only something to do other than sit in a cell but also time earned off a sentence, this system led to rampant corruption, favoritism, and ill-feelings among the prisoners, since the con-bosses often sold positions or used them as leverage for any number of illicit favors.</p><br>
<p>The onset of the Great Depression flooded the prison with new inmates, and Montana state further curtailed the use of inmate labor to provide jobs for civilians. In another blow to the prisoners, in 1934, the state prohibited the sale of convict-made goods to civilians. Prisoners now had almost no legitimate, worthwhile industries to keep themselves busy, and to exacerbate the situation further, most of the prison yard within the walls had been converted into a vegetable garden, eliminating exercise as a pastime.</p><br>
<h3>Riots</h3><br>
<p>The mismanagement, insufficient guard staff, and intolerable living conditions led to three riots in the late 1950s. The first riot, called the "pea riot," took place on 30 July 1957 when the members of the prison band refused to pick peas in the garden which was the prison yard. The temperature was hot, and the band members were used to being left alone, if not coddled, by the prison staff. One member flatly refused the order, which won him time in the hole. The other members decided to work, but after one member flicked a pea at another, the job quickly turned into a foliage-destroying free-for-all. The destructive attitude in the garden quickly infected the rest of the prison, and inmates rushed from the cellblocks to take part in the destruction. The guards on duty were quickly overrun and locked into cells. A standoff between the prisoners and government officials, including Attorney General Forrest Anderson and about 200 National Guardsmen, lasted about 24 hours. The warden, Faye O. Burrell, was out of town, taking delivery of an inmate from Indiana who had escaped years earlier. The prisoners clamored for better conditions, better food, better mail service, and the firing of Benjamin W. Wright, the man in charge of Montanas relatively new parole system. Anderson offered an eight-point program which sated the prisoners, and they retreated to their cells without bloodshed. Upon Burrells return, however, he revoked the program drawn up by Anderson, claiming that he had not, and would not, negotiate with convicts.</p><br>
<p>The second riot, in response to Warden Burrell having ignored Anderson&#39;s eight-point program, happened on 27 January 1958. During a tour of the prison by the Montana Council on Corrections, the inmates instigated a twenty-four-hour sit-down strike in which they refused to report to work, ignored orders from guards, and loitered about the cell house corridors. Warden Burrell ordered the lights and heat be turned off, which, in January, meant many hours of frigid darkness. The cold, hungry inmates returned to their cells and, for punishment, for a week were refused mail and access to the canteen where they could purchase cigarettes, candy, and other sundries.</p><br>
<h2>1959 Riot</h2><br>
<p>1959 was a turbulent year in Montana State Prison history. Following Warden Burrell&#39;s resignation in February 1958, the Montana Council on Corrections decided that, in order to modernize the facility, the next warden of the prison would be selected from a nationwide search, putting an end to the tradition of gubernatorial appointees. Floyd Powell, of Wisconsin, was chosen from the candidates who applied, and he took control of the prison in August 1958. He managed to instill some reforms before, in 1959, a riot kept the prison and the town of Deer Lodge on edge for thirty-six hours. The riot started on 16 April 1959 and was the longest and bloodiest riot at the facility. Instigated by a pair of inmates, Jerry Myles and Lee Smart, the riot would claim the lives of three people, wound several others, and maintain the facility under inmate control for thirty-six hours. It ended in the early hours of 18 April 1959 when a brace of National Guard troops stormed the facility.</p><br>
<p>Then, in August of the same year, an earthquake structurally damaged Cellblock 2, leading to its destruction.</p><br>
<h3>Warden Floyd Powell</h3><br>
<p>Born in LaValle, Wisconsin, just before World War I, Floyd Powell came to Montana in response to the nationwide search for a warden who would update the Montana State Prison into a modern facility. With more than eighteen years of penal experience at the Wisconsin State Prison in Waupun, Powell arrived in Deer Lodge knowing the only way to truly modernize the prison rested in building a whole new facility; what existed in downtown Deer Lodge was far too antiquated to be worth revitalizing. Within weeks of taking charge of the prison, Powell summoned his friend and subordinate, Ted Rothe, from Wisconsin to be his deputy warden.</p><br>
<p>Between the two of them, Powell and Rothe began a series of reforms which were targeted at updating the facility. They began to abolish the "con-boss" system, improved inmate food quality by instilling a "Take all you want, but eat all you take" policy and by supplying condiments on the tables. They also sought to crack down on the rampant drug use and black market inside the walls and began performing exhaustive background checks on the prisoners, a practice that was not standard operating procedure until Powells tenure. A training regimen for the guards was also instilled, which bettered communication between shifts and cut back on guard contributions to the black market. Something they were unable to initiate until too late was the removal of firearms from the cellblocks; Powell and Rothe wanted to completely sweep both cellblocks of the rifles the guards carried on the catwalks. They saw the.30-30 Winchester rifles presence as an instigator for inmate uprising, but the guards refused to surrender the guns.</p><br>
<p>Though the pair from Wisconsin were doing their best to better the conditions in the prison, they felt heavy resistance from both inmates and guards who had flourished under the previously lax security, as well as from the population of Montana who viewed any improvement in the quality of life of an inmate nothing more than coddling convicts. In his own words in a report to the Board of Prison commissioners, Powell stated:</p><br>
<p>Although Powell and Rothe meant well with their reforms, their alteration of the power structures within the facility led to a bloody riot which started on 16 April 1959.</p><br>
<h3>Leaders of the riot</h3><br>
<h4>Jerry Myles</h4><br>
<p>The primary leader of the riot, Jerry Myles was born in Sioux City, Iowa, on 15 January 1915 under the name Donald Groat. His mother was an unmarried transient who quickly put her son up for adoption. By the time he was sixteen, he was in reform school, and for the rest of his life he would spend more time inside correctional facilities than outside them. Described as having an "emotionally unstable, psychopathic personality" by psychiatrist Romney Ritchey at Alcatraz, Jerry Myles nonetheless had a genius intellect, scoring 125 and 147 on intelligence tests in Atlanta and Montana, respectively. Using suicide attempts, petty disturbances, and sexual deviancy, he strove to become the center of attention. He was an institutionalized career prisoner, often committing small acts of burglary to get sentenced to more prison time whenever he found himself free, and, once incarcerated, struggled to be noticed.</p><br>
<p>On 4 December 1944, he organized a mutiny at the federal penitentiary in Atlanta, Georgia on the grounds of poor medical care, no church services, and having to wait in line in the mess hall with "the German intake and the Negro intake". After the mutiny, the administration at USP Atlanta declared Jerry Myles to be incorrigible and a danger to the security of their prison. They determined that their facilities were insufficient to fully monitor Myles&#39; activities, so on 8 May 1945 they transferred him to the federal penitentiary at Alcatraz.</p><br>
<p>Jerry Myles would spend about seven years at Alcatraz between 1945 and 1952, after which he was transferred to Leavenworth. While Jerry was at The Rock, the legendary "Battle of Alcatraz" occurred on 2 May 1946, and Myles, while he did not take part in the escape attempt, learned much from the methods of Bernard Coy, who initiated the riot. The disturbance Myles would later start in Montana shared many elements with the Battle of Alcatraz. Myles was released from Leavenworth on 3 March 1952, after which he finished his sentence at the Georgia State Penitentiary and was released in May 1958. During his long prison tenure, Myles had learned of a prison in Montana where the convicts ran the industries, and Myles was interested in what he viewed was a place where he could have power.</p><br>
<p>After his release, Myles bought a bus ticket to Butte, about 40 mi from Deer Lodge, where he was arrested for burglary. He was sentenced to five years at the Montana State Prison and arrived in Deer Lodge in June 1958. Since the prison at that time was not in the habit of running background checks on incoming prisoners, his previous penal experience went unnoticed, and he was assigned to a cell in the general population. Myles quickly rose to the position of con-boss of the garment shop, due to his experience in similar places in other penitentiaries around the country and the notoriety of his experience in USP Atlanta, Leavenworth, and, of course, Alcatraz. He used the position to his advantage, decorating his apartment-like cell in the garment shop with niceties and manipulating young inmates into providing him with sexual favors for work in the factory. When Warden Powell abolished the con-boss system in October 1958, Myles was stripped of his favor in the prison community and started acting out, which earned him time in segregation. He had a short, heated interview with Deputy Warden Rothe in which Myles took an intense dislike to Rothe and threatened his life. Rothe sentenced Myles to isolation, or the hole, for an indefinite amount of time followed by a longer stint in segregation.</p><br>
<p>Walter Jones, the prison&#39;s newly graduated sociologist, recognized the danger Myles represented and suggested further segregation in Siberia in the base of the northern towers of Cellblock 1. The area known as Siberia was separated from the rest of the prison yard by a razor-wire topped chain-link fence and was used to keep known troublemakers apart from the rest of the population. The cells were cramped, cold, and isolated. Rothe rejected this treatment of Myles, claiming that he wanted to gain inmate trust by showing equal rights to all prisoners regardless of their past activities. On 27 February 1959, Rothe released Myles back into the general population and assigned him to the water crew—the group of inmates who emptied toilet buckets from Cellblock 2 and the guard towers. In April of that same year, Myles would incite the riot.</p><br>
<h4>Lee Smart and George Alton</h4><br>
<p>Lee Smart was born in 1940 in Washington State and lived 17 years before being sentenced to thirty years confinement to the Montana State Prison for the second-degree murder of traveling salesman Charles Ward outside of Browning, Montana on 28 April 1956. Smart had bludgeoned Ward to death with a pair of lineman&#39;s pliers and robbed him of $100 cash. Smart was almost 6 ft. tall and weighed 147 pounds, wore a ducktail haircut, a black leather jacket, and had tattooed arms and chest. He and a friend had escaped from a reformatory camp in Cedar Creek, Washington, on 14 April 1956. The two then went on a two-week criminal binge which ended in Great Falls, Montana. Lee Smart left his friend in Great Falls and went north, where he ended up killing Ward.</p><br>
<p>Once inside the walls of the Montana State Prison, Smart eventually found his place playing drums for the prison band. Though one of the youngest convicts in Montana, he had fallen in with a relatively powerful group of convicts—the "band gang" was the largest trafficker of narcotics in the prison. Lee became a regular member of the cadre, and his crime of murder gave him standing among the inmates, most of whom were incarcerated for larceny. One of the inmates who was highly impressed by Smart&#39;s haughty, impulsive nature was Jerry Myles, who befriended the boy. Smart got in trouble a few times, once for being in possession of a weapon, once over his haircut (which led him to receive a buzz cut by an inmate barber), and again over having an illicit weapon (which earned him time in isolation).</p><br>
<p>Since the prison had no system of segregating inmates based on age, crime, or sexual proclivities, Smart was housed in general population where his youthful frame became an instant target for older, predatory cons. His crime of murder and connection with the band gang lent him a modicum of notoriety, but he still felt obliged to hire George Alton, a known troublemaker, for protection at the cost of ten dollars a month. Alton, who had been in and out of prison since 1952, regularly sold protection services to newer inmates who could not fight for themselves. A diminutive, wiry Montanan, Alton was well respected by guards and inmates alike, known for his vicious left hook and his prowess in the prizefighting rink, held weekly in the WA Clark Theatre. Alton and Smart became friends and eventual cellmates, until Alton was moved outside the walls into minimum security housing.</p><br>
<p>Taking full advantage of his "trusty" status, Alton escaped with a fellow inmate in a prison vehicle marked "Registrar of Motor Vehicles" on 26 August 1958, the day after Floyd Powell started his job as warden. The two prisoners waved to the new warden on their way past the prison, and Powell waved back. By the time the warden realized what had happened, Alton and his confederate were too far away to do anything. Alton managed to stay hidden until November 1958, when he was apprehended in his hometown of Culbertson. He was remanded to the prison and spent time in the hole, then more time in segregation. It was during this time that he met, and had extensive conversations with, Jerry Myles, who had been placed in the cell right next to Alton&#39;s in segregation.</p><br>
<h3>Preparations</h3><br>
<p>Jerry Myles knew that timing would play a major factor in the successful initiation of the riot. Between the time he was released back into general population in February 1958 until he decided to start the riot, he paid close attention to the movements of the guards and found a loophole in their routine; each day during the dinnertime turnover, the ratio of guards to inmates was decreased in Cellblock 1. His plan was to seize a rifle from one of the guards who walked the catwalk outside his cell when the guard was alone. The catwalk was close to the tier of cells. Guards routinely moved between the catwalk and the tiers by little more than hopping from one to the other; since neither walkway was caged, the maneuver was simple.</p><br>
<p>Myles also needed to recruit other inmates to his cause but limit the number of prisoners who knew specifics to ensure the administration would be caught unaware. He chose to let Lee Smart in on the plans, coaxing the boy along with promises of freedom and adventure. George Alton, a shrewd, intelligent man, was less easily convinced, though a workable escape plan attracted him. Myles needed Alton because of his rapport with the inmate population. Alton also worked in the prison garage and had access to gasoline, a crucial part of Myles&#39; plans. Myles assured Alton that they would use Deputy Warden Rothe as a shield and hostage to gain exit from Tower 7, and from there to freedom. Myles also strong-armed Harold Laureys, a known lockpicker, or "gopher man" in prison lingo, into being ready for an escape attempt, but gave him few specifics other than that.</p><br>
<p>Myles, Smart, and Alton constructed a reservoir in one of the shelves in Smart&#39;s cell, and Alton regularly filled that space with gasoline he smuggled out of the garage. The trio waited until they had filled the container before enacting their plans.</p><br>
<h3>Start of the riot</h3><br>
<p>At about 3:30 p.m. on 16 April 1959, guard Gus Byars was alone on the catwalk of Cellblock 1 across from where Myles and Smart were loitering. Byars turned to open a window to the brisk spring wind when he heard someone call his name. He turned into a splash of gasoline which hit him in the face and chest, soaking his shirt.</p><br>
<p>Lee Smart had tossed the gasoline as Jerry Myles lit a match to a torch he had constructed from a mop. He thrust the mop at the guard, who froze in fear. Smart and Alton lit a broom and tossed it onto the catwalk behind Byars, who, with his vision blurred by the gasoline, saw he was surrounded by fire. He quickly surrendered his keys and rifle and allowed himself to be led to the hole.</p><br>
<p>While Myles, Smart, and Alton were securing the rifle and keys, other inmates ambushed the only other two guards in Cellblock 1, threatening them with knives. The guards surrendered their keys and were also led to the hole.</p><br>
<p>At this point, the inmates were in full possession of three guards, a rifle, and keys to the facility, though they still had no ammunition for the weapon. They quickly moved over to Cellblock 2, where they knew the ammunition was stored, and were in possession of that building within minutes, even after a tense standoff between a guard holding a loaded rifle and an inmate with a knife. The guard hesitated and received a slashed hand in return. Had he fired on the inmate, the riot may not have progressed. As it was, the inmates were now in control of two rifles, seventeen rounds of ammunition, and both cellblocks. Over the course of the next ten to fifteen minutes, several more guards would walk into Cellblock 1, be immediately and quietly overwhelmed, and led into the hole.</p><br>
<h3>Death of Deputy Warden Rothe</h3><br>
<p>By 4:00, Myles, Smart, and Alton had control over the whole facility except for the minimum security housing outside the southern wall and the upper floor of the administration building, called "Inside Administration." This portion of the facility housed offices for the warden, the deputy warden, the sociologist, and other prison infrastructure. The only woman working within the prison walls, Babe Lightfoot, held an office in Inside Administration, but by the time the rioters reached this area of the prison, she had already evacuated upon orders from an inmate.</p><br>
<p>Ted Rothe had been across the street attending a meeting with Warden Powell and some architects who were designing the new facility Powell wanted to build. Rothe returned to his desk inside the prison at a few minutes before 4:00, oblivious to the inmate takeover. To this point, there had been almost no noise, few scuffles, and no casualties. He chatted with a guard for a few minutes before sitting behind his desk, which was in view of the door where inmates came to receive their medication. Myles, Smart, and a third inmate named Toms came up to the door, where Myles asked to receive some pills for his migraines. The guard on duty, Officer Cox, turned to retrieve them as another guard opened the door to let a third guard out. As soon as the door opened, Myles rushed through, brandishing a meat cleaver he had acquired from the kitchens. Toms threatened the other guards with a knife, and they allowed themselves to be herded into a nearby lavatory. Myles burst into Deputy Warden Rothe&#39;s office and attacked Rothe with the cleaver. Rothe deflected the blow with a plywood letterbox.</p><br>
<p>The struggle continued for a few seconds. Cox grabbed a chair and raised it to hit Myles, but Lee Smart unveiled the rifle he had had wrapped in a cone of leather and fired once, hitting Rothe in the chest, killing him instantly. Myles turned on Cox and slashed with his cleaver, slicing Cox along his arm. The inmates quickly herded the guards into the lavatory, along with a civilian mail-sorter, and locked them in. Another guard, Officer Simonsen, was coming up the steps to Inside Administration, and Myles and Smart took him hostage and had him call the warden.</p><br>
<h3>Warden Powell as hostage</h3><br>
<p>At a little after 4:00, Officer Simonsen phoned Warden Powell, who was across the street at his residence. Simonsen told the warden there was a disturbance inside the prison and that someone had been knifed. Under duress from Myles and Smart, the officer told the warden little else, and Powell rushed through Tower 7 along with two guards to see what the "disturbance" was. As soon as he entered Inside Administration, he was yanked through the doorway. His escort realized something was wrong and retreated, escaping back through Tower 7. The guards on top of this tower knew something was wrong and had tried to warn the warden, but the blustery spring wind had obliterated their words.</p><br>
<p>Inside, Warden Powell came face-to-face with Myles and Smart, who immediately forced Powell to call Governor Aronson in Helena. Aronson, however, was out of town and would not return until about 6:30 that evening. Powell left a message with the governor&#39;s secretary to have Aronson call Powell at Number 8 as soon as he returned. "Number 8" was a pre-arranged warning that told the governor that Warden Powell had been compromised and that Aronson should not return the call.</p><br>
<p>After the call, Powell managed to convince Myles that Cox and Rothe needed medical attention and should be allowed to leave the facility. Myles agreed, and an ambulance collected the bleeding guard and the deceased deputy warden. Powell also attempted to talk the ringleaders into discontinuing the riot to no avail.</p><br>
<p>While Myles and Smart coerced guards and wardens to make telephone calls, Alton, armed with the second rifle, set about securing the remaining guards and administrators of the facility. By 4:30, he had locked 20 men into the hole, including sociologist Walter Jones. At a few minutes before 5:00, Myles and Smart led Warden Powell and the other four hostages down to the mess hall, and from there led the hostages into cells in Cellblock 1. Warden Powell sat under guard on one of the mess halls, where he was offered coffee and cake by an inmate. He accepted, and he ate while the rest of the hostages were led from the hole and placed in cells in "Cook&#39;s Row" where the kitchen workers were housed.</p><br>
<p>At about 6:20, the inmates led Powell back to Inside Administration to wait for Governor Aronsons call, which never came. Myles and Smart became anxious and left, leaving Powell in the care of Walter Trotchie, who had orders to kill the warden with a kitchen knife at 8:00 if the governor didnt call. 8:00 came and went, and, instead of killing Powell, Trotchie surrendered his weapon and freed the warden, who offered amnesty to any prisoner who wanted to retreat to minimum security. Six inmates agreed to go, including Trotchie, and Warden Powell escaped the prison, secured the inmates who had come with him, and began managing the handling of the riot from outside.</p><br>
<h3>Negotiations and a new escape plan</h3><br>
<p>Myles was angry when he discovered that Powell had escaped, but his rage was abated when he realized they had Walter Jones as a hostage. Myles viewed Jones as one of the reasons he had been ousted as a con-boss. Jones managed to talk Myles out of murdering him by offering himself as a negotiator for the demands of the inmates.</p><br>
<p>Meanwhile, Alton approached Myles with the argument that since Deputy Warden Rothe had been shot and killed, their escape plan was now null. Myles acknowledged that the original plan had failed, so he forwarded the idea of tunneling under the walls. He chose a place in the northwestern tower of Cellblock 1 and put a team of inmates, eventually including the kitchen staff, to work with picks and shovels. The progress on this tunnel would continue for the remainder of the riot, but was doomed to fail. Warden Conley had built the cellblocks and the walls specifically to keep inmates from tunneling, and his designs proved effective.</p><br>
<p>Outside the walls, Warden Powell was busy trying to deal with budding public reaction to the riot. The word had leaked quickly, and wives of guards who were hostages started showing up at his house. Powell decided to again enter the prison through the tunnel system which gave access to the gun ports in the mess hall and the catwalks in the cellblocks. Luckily, the riot leaders had been unable to secure a key to the access points to this tunnel system, or else Powell may have been taken hostage again. Just after sundown, Powell made his way through the tunnels to the mess hall and shouted for Myles and Smart. Myles showed up, leading Jones with a knife at his throat. Powell asked what Myles wanted, and received a verbal tirade from Myles, who stalked away, leaving Jones with Alton. Powell was told that Myles wanted at least thirty members of the press to come inside the prison, take pictures of the conditions and speak with the inmates. Powell offered to get three reporters inside the walls under the understanding that they would not print a word of what they learned until the hostages were released. Alton agreed to the plan. Powell returned to his residence to await the coming day.</p><br>
<p>Meanwhile, National Guard forces were consolidating at Trask Hall, the gymnasium of Montanas first college campus, just four blocks from the prison. Members of the press were converging upon the wardens residence, and the city and county switchboards were becoming overrun with calls regarding the riot, some as far away as London, England. By the next day, reporters from magazines like Life and TIME descended upon the town, and Deer Lodge&#39;s prison riot made international news.</p><br>
<p>After midnight, Myles summoned Jones to talk to the media. Through Jones, Myles warned that any offensive action against the prison would end in the killing of the hostages by fire, hanging, or stabbing. Myles then spoke up, telling the amassed media that he was fighting for better conditions and just wanted to be heard. He again threatened the hostages with death if any action was taken against the prison and paraded Jones in front of the windows with a knife at his throat to make his point. Afterward, Myles led Jones back to a cell.</p><br>
<p>At midmorning on Friday, Myles and Smart allowed Jones to exit the prison walls to escort the three reporters, one from the Associated Press, another from United Press International, and the third from radio station KREM of Spokane, Washington. Myles allowed Jones eight minutes to return with the media before he threatened to begin killing hostages. Jones met with the warden and the reporters outside Tower 7 and managed to get the reporters into the mess hall inside his eight-minute window.</p><br>
<p>Only seven inmates met with the reporters, one of which was George Alton, but neither Jerry Myles or Lee Smart took part in the interview. Jones remained to assist the prisoners with their statements. The reporters recorded a plethora of complaints ranging from the sanitation in Cellblock 2 to the use of the hole as a disciplinary tool, but the most common grievance was the parole system. The inmates demanded the resignation of Benjamin Wright, the same man the convicts had asked to have fired during the pea riot of 1957.</p><br>
<p>The reporters were allowed to leave the prison without incident, and Warden Powell announced that he expected to have the hostages released as per the agreement he had made with Alton. Myles, however, demanded more reporters come inside the facility to take pictures, and he stated that nobody would be allowed to leave until he saw the story in print. Powell, on the other hand, would not re-negotiate a deal. Since Myles refused to release guards, Powell refused to allow the story to run.</p><br>
<p>This started a twenty-four-plus hour standoff in which Myles railed openly to the media outside the walls; Alton retired to his cell after an argument with Myles, convinced that no escape was forthcoming; Jones was again allowed to leave the prison to negotiate with Powell and, under orders from the warden, did not return; and the hostages survived repeated threats of death by fire, rope, or knife. The hostages were eventually crowded into three cells, and the frightened men planned to press the thin prison mattresses against the bars to ward off any attack, but they knew the shield would not hold long against fire or at all against the rifles. Governor Aronson, still in Helena, continued to refuse to negotiate with the prisoners, saying:</p><br>
<h3>End of the riot</h3><br>
<p>Thirty-six hours after Myles, Smart, and Alton pitched gasoline at a guard to start the riot, the Montana National Guard ended the riot. At about 4:45 a.m. on 18 April 1959, Bill Rose of the National Guard fired a World War II bazooka at the southwest tower of Cellblock 1 while Highway Patrolman Bob Zaharko fired a Thompson submachine gun through a window which had been identified as where Myles and Smart were hiding on the northeast tower of Cellblock 1. The media had been placed under watch to ensure they did not leak news of the attack to the inmates, who were listening to the radio inside the prison.</p><br>
<p>While Rose and Zaharko rained ordnance on Cellblock 1, a contingent of seven teams of National Guard waited outside the door to the women&#39;s prison on the western wall of the prison. As soon as the first bazooka round hit Cellblock 1, they burst through the door and split up, some rushing the main entrance to Cellblock 1, others going to Cellblock 2, and more circling around to storm Inside Administration.</p><br>
<p>The team that invaded Cellblock 1 had to burst through two barricaded doors before gaining access to the tiers of cells. Most of the inmates were already in their cells and did not give the Guardsmen any problems. The soldiers filed up to where the hostages were kept and freed them, escorting them through the door into the minimum security facility in the northeast corner of the wall. All the hostages emerged unharmed.</p><br>
<p>Back in Cellblock 1, a team of Guardsmen entered the tower where Myles and Smart were hiding. The soldiers had to push past a pile of rubble which had been removed from the unsuccessful tunneling attempt as they made their way up the stairs. During their ascent, Jerry Myles managed to shoot Lieutenant Francis "Russ" Pulliam in the arm, who was removed and remanded to the hospital at Fort Harrison in Helena. Just after Pulliam was shot, a third bazooka round exploded against the tower, followed by tear gas canisters fired from the walls. Moments after the gas began to take effect, Myles and Smart fully ended the riot with a murder-suicide.</p><br>
<h3>Aftermath</h3><br>
<p>In an interview for TIME Magazine which ran just after the riot, Warden Floyd Powell said, "Things are going to get a lot tougher around here." As soon as official control returned to the prison, the prison guards and National Guard soldiers locked all 438 inmates inside their cells and began a systematic search of the facility. Tier by tier, the guards removed the prisoners from their cells, had them strip down and stand naked in the prison yard while National Guardsmen removed all personal effects from the cells. The prisoners were subjected to cavity searches, and many, including George Alton, had the dead bodies of Myles and Smart paraded in front of them before the cadavers were surrendered to the coroner. In their search of the cellhouses, the guards found 382 knives and had to haul away other contraband to the city dump in several 2½ ton truck loads.</p><br>
<p>Warden Powell decided that severe segregation for the remaining instigators of the riot was in order, so he moved the women prisoners out of their building and into housing across the street. They would eventually end up in the Montana Women&#39;s Prison in Billings, Montana. He converted the small building into a maximum security facility which had twenty-four high security and disciplinary cells. George Alton spent two years in one of these cells, which, at the time, did not have plumbing. Inmates were provided a "honey bucket", and it was common practice for recalcitrant inmates to slosh the contents of this waste bucket at passing guards, which led to the installation of screens or wooden doors outside the bars. Two cells were installed with an angled bar along one wall to which an inmate could be hand- and ankle-cuffed to prevent him from suicide attempts, and two more were converted into "black box" cells, much like the hole had been.</p><br>
<p>In the years that followed the riot, Floyd Powell strove to provide the state of Montana with a new facility. The riot had raised awareness of the need for reform, but a five million dollar bond issue put to the citizens of the state failed by a resounding 70%. A large earthquake damaged Cellblock 2 on 17 August 1959, and the antiquated building was condemned. Its destruction kept inmates busy for a few weeks, but led to severe overcrowding in Cellblock 1. In 1961, Governor Nutter curtailed the construction of new state buildings and the state government cut funding to the prison in the amount of $500,000. Warden Floyd Powell resigned in February 1962, a "distraught and frustrated man".</p><br>
<h2>Last years</h2><br>
<p>In the twenty years between 1959 and when the facility was shut down in 1979, the Old Montana Prison struggled with the same problems which had plagued the institution for the entirety of its history: overcrowding, underfunding, and substandard conditions. The 1959 riot had raised awareness, but few Montanans recognized the problems or realized the extent of them.</p><br>
<h3>1975 Theater fire</h3><br>
<p>On 3 December 1975, after the building was vacated after a showing of The ODESSA File, fire broke out in the WA Clark Theatre. The fire managed to burn for two and a half hours before a guard noticed smoke coming from the building, and by the time help arrived, it was too late. Warden Frank Conley&#39;s "proudest achievement" had been destroyed. The state fire marshal would later determine the fire had been caused by a "homemade incendiary device". The arsonist was never discovered, but the remaining cellblock was searched and the presence of contraband, including weapons, inspired Warden Crist to sentence a dozen inmates to the maximum security building, which had been closed for three years.</p><br>
<h3>Retirement of the Facility</h3><br>
<p>Almost ten years after Warden Floyd Powell resigned, Governor Forrest Anderson, who had been instrumental in the negotiations which led to the end of the pea riot in 1957, managed to get the state legislature to approve $3.8 million to be used in the construction of a new facility, but the funds did not become available until 1973. In 1974, contractors broke ground on the new prison, situated about three miles (5 km) outside of Deer Lodge on 33,000 acre which had once been Warden Conley&#39;s ranch. The construction continued for five years, and the last inmates were removed from the Old Montana Prison on 5 September 1979. The old facility had been added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1976, but, upon the removal of inmates from the facility, the state was at a loss as to what to do with it.</p><br>
<h3>Notable Inmates</h3><br>
<p>William Gollehon, convicted serial killer on death row.</p><br>
<p>Ryan Leaf, Former quarterback, and NFL first-round draft selection.</p><br>
<p>Floyd Tapson, suspected serial killer convicted for kidnapping and attempted murder in November 2003.</p><br>
<p>Leland Jensen, proclaimed to be "Jesus the High Priest" of Zechariah chapter 3 in 1971.</p><br>
<h2>Old Prison Museum</h2><br>
<p>The city of Deer Lodge purchased the campus and turned the care of it over to the Powell County Museum and Arts Foundation. The prison is now the Old Prison Museum, a complex that includes tours of the historic prison and buildings housing other collections.</p><br>
<p>The Montana Auto Museum, operated by the Montana Auto Association, features many historic cars and trucks.</p><br>
<p>The Frontier Montana Museum features collections of handguns, cowboy gear and collectibles, whiskey and saloon memorabilia.</p><br>
<p>The &#39;Powell County Museums displays include mining, carving and local history.</p><br>
<p>Yesterday&#39;s Playthings is a collection of dolls and toys.</p><br>
<p>Yr Arddu is a 388m high mountain peak in Snowdonia, Wales  to the east of Snowdon). It lies approximately 2.5 km south east of the village of Beddgelert and just over 1 km from the rather more famous mountain Cnicht. It is a rugged hill with widespread rock outcrops and cliffs. A small lake, Llyn yr Arddu, is located on the flanks of the mountain.</p><br>
<p>The craggy nature of the summit is due to the presence of lavas and tuffs (volcanic ash deposits) dating from the Ordovician period when Snowdonia was characterised by numerous volcanic eruptions; Yr Arddu is a particularly good location to see the record of Ordovician volcanism. The Yr Arddu Tuffs may be the earliest eruptive phase of the Lower Rhyolitic Tuff Formation.</p><br>
<p>The whole mountain is a site of special scientific interest designated by the Countryside Council for Wales.</p><br>
<p>Yr Arddu is commonly approached by a footpath leaving the minor road that links Nantmor to Nant Gwynant but the final 0.5 km has no marked paths.</p><br>
<p>Belt Woods is a nature reserve in Prince George&#39;s County, Maryland, USA, containing the “South Woods”, a 43 acre woodland which constitutes one of the last stands of old growth hardwood forest on the Atlantic coastal plain. It is a mere 8 mi east of Washington, D.C. Many of its white oaks and tulip poplars are more than three feet in diameter and soar more than 100 ft before branching. The “South Woods” were designated a National Natural Landmark in 1974.</p><br>
<p>Belt Woods has been owned and protected by the Maryland Department of Natural Resources since the 1980s. Some 110 acre at the site are designated a Natural Environment Area (NEA) and another 515 acre are designated a Heritage Conservation Fund (HCF) site. Thus 625 acre are protected in total. Within this area, the Maryland General Assembly has designated 610 acre — 109 acre within the NEA and 501 acre within the HCF — as a special Maryland Wildland.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Belt Woods is part of the former farm of semi-reclusive banker and gentleman farmer, Seton Belt (1870–1959). A bird breeding census first surveyed the tract in 1947; the density of Forest Interior Dwelling Species (FIDS) was then found to be 300 pairs/100 acres (1300 m² per pair). The oaks of the “North Woods”, an old-growth similar to the now-preserved “South Woods” tract, were all cut in 1981, despite the fact that Belt had stipulated in his will that the stand was never to be logged. Tom Horton, in his book Bay Country (1987), tells how this happened:The bank entrusted with administering Seton Belt’s estate, and the church to which he left his goods, found that the forest earned the highest accolades not just from naturalists and woodland songbirds. “Veneer quality”, eager buyers from the world’s leading timber concerns adjudged the massive, knot-free, straight trunks of the oaks. Debarked, steamed until soft, then sliced and peeled on huge machines into sheets just 1/4-inch thick, just a few of the Beltwoods giants would decorate acres of executive conference-room walls in warm wood tones. The church said it needed the money over and above the $10 million that old Belt had left it to build an urban home for the elderly. With the bank, it broke the will in court, and half the mighty Beltwoods fell to the chainsaw….The forester hired by the bank explained to me his satisfaction when the veneer deal went through. From the standpoint of annual, new cellulose production, he said, the old oaks were well into the area of diminishing returns, even though they might live another century or two. “The only thing left for that particular stand of trees to do was to die and fall over”, he said</p><br>
<p>This event served as a wakeup call to conservationists and an 18-year legal battle ensued between them and the Episcopal Diocese of Washington. In 1984, the state of Maryland, with partners, purchased 110 acre including the “South Woods”, designating them the Belt Woods Natural Environmental Area. Impending residential development necessitated the state’s purchase of an additional 515 acre in 1997 — known as the Belt Woods Heritage Conservation Fund site. The HCF site, which consists of the former “North” and “Central Woods” (now young forest and fields), buffers the old growth forest and forestalls further development. In all, some 625 acre are protected at the site, of which most (610 acres) were designated by the Maryland General Assembly in October 1997 as the Belt Woods Wildland. Access to Belt Woods is limited to scientific study.</p><br>
<h2>Ecology</h2><br>
<h3>Songbirds</h3><br>
<p>Belt Woods lies within the Southeastern mixed forests ecoregion. It consists of a mosaic of small fields and woodlands and is a critical nesting area for neotropical songbirds. The density of birds breeding there is among the highest observed on the east coast. Unusually high densities of FIDS birds prevail. In 1989, the breeding bird census, which uses a territory mapping method, measured a density of more than 200 pairs/100 acres (40 ha) of FIDS, attributable largely to high densities of wood thrush and red-eyed vireo. Nine other species of FIDS birds regularly breed there, including the Kentucky warbler.</p><br>
<h3>Flora</h3><br>
<p>The canopy of the mesic upland hardwood forest at Belt Woods is dominated by tulip poplar and white oak. Old-growth characteristics include 200-year-old trees of over 140 feet (45 m) in height. Forty-two species of trees were measured in the “South Woods” in 2001.Rucker, Colby B. (2001), Report: at the Website</p><br>
<p>Prominent understory trees include flowering dogwood, spicebush, sweet haw and ironwood. The herbaceous layer, which is exceptionally dense in springtime, includes Collinsonia, Dioscorea, and broad beechfern. The narrowleaf glade fern and Wister’s coralroot — both Maryland state threatened species — grow here.</p><br>
<p>Ōshima is an uninhabited island in the Sea of Japan, 50 km to the west from Matsumae town and therefore the westernmost point in Hokkaidō. It is part of the town of Matsumae in Matsumae District, Oshima Subprefecture in Hokkaidō, Japan. To distinguish Ōshima from other islands with the same name, it is sometimes known as Oshima Ōshima or Matsumae Ōshima.</p><br>
<p>At 9.73 km&sup2, Ōshima is the largest uninhabited island under Japanese sovereignty. The island is a double caldera with a scoria hill rising in the middle. It is the peak of two overlapping stratovolcanoes and their associated calderas, Mount Higashi and Mount Nishi. The highest peak, Mount Era at 737 m, is part of a triple volcano. The peak rises close to 2,000 m from the sea floor. The island consists of mafic alkali and non-alkali volcanic rock, less than 18,000 years old.</p><br>
<p>On the south side of the island at Aidomari, there are a lighthouse and a heliport operated by Japan Coast Guard.</p><br>
<p>Because of volcanic activity and nature conservation, landing on the island requires the approval of the Agency for Cultural Affairs.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Because of the island&#39;s isolation and volcanic activity there are almost no records of its past left behind. Mount Kanpo had a major eruption on 27 August 1741. The next day a tsunami struck the opposite shore and killed 1,467 people from Kumaishi to Matsumae.</p><br>
<h2>Flora and fauna</h2><br>
<p>Ōshima is the northern limit of the breeding grounds for the streaked shearwater and is part of the Matsumae-Yakoshi Prefectural Natural Park. Baird&#39;s beaked whales are targets of commercial whaling in the nearby waters.</p><br>
<p>The River Gwili  in Carmarthenshire, is a tributary of the River Towy, the longest river entirely in Wales. Its headwater is found east of Llanllawddog, in the Brechfa Forest. It runs west, through Llanpumsaint, to its confluence with the River Duad, just south of Cynwyl Elfed village. Here its course turns to the southeast, running through Bronwydd before joining the River Towy at Abergwili.</p><br>
<p>The River Gwili gives its name to a number of settlements, as well as the West Wales General Hospital which is commonly known as Glangwili Hospital. The Carmarthen Aberystwyth Line once followed the course of the river between Abergwili and Llanpumsaint and the dismantled railway line can still be seen right along the valley. In 1978 a section of the line was reopened in Bronwydd for tourists and was given the name Gwili Railway.</p><br>
<p>The River Gwili is popular with both anglers and canoeists.</p><br>
<p>Pakri Islands  are two Estonian islands in the Finnish Gulf: Suur-Pakri and Väike-Pakri . Administratively they belong to the town of Paldiski. For centuries the islands had been inhabited by Estonian Swedes, until during the Second World War the entire population was forced to leave.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>The Swedish name of the islands Rågöarna means Rye Islands - historically rye was the primary crop grown on the island. Thus Stora Rågö and Lilla Rågö mean Big Rye Island and Small Rye Island, respectively. Alternative names for the two islands are Västra Rågö/Västerö and Östra Rågö/Österö (West Island and East Island).</p><br>
<p>In terms of area Väike-Pakri (Small-Pakri) is actually somewhat larger than Suur-Pakri (Big-Pakri). The reason for this contradiction is probably that Suur-Pakri had more inhabitants and better farming lands and was reckoned as more important.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The islands lie a few kilometers off the Estonian coast. Väike-Pakri lies 3 km west of Paldiski, separated from it by Paldiski (Pakri) Bay (Rågövik), over 20 m deep. The shallow 3 km wide Kurkse strait separates the islands from the mainland in south.</p><br>
<p>The area of Väike-Pakri, the eastern island, is 12.9 km, Suur-Pakri covers 11.6 km (8th and 9th largest islands in Estonia). Väike-Pakri is also higher than Suur-Pakri (17 m and 8 m, respectively). Both islands are about 6 km long (in southeast-northwest direction) and 2-2.5 km wide.</p><br>
<p>A few islets are situated in the 1-1.5 km wide and shallow (2–4 m deep) strait between the two islands. In 1952, an embankment connecting the two islands over some of the islets was built by the Soviet army.</p><br>
<p>A limestone cliff borders the northern coast of both islands and also the eastern coast of Väike-Pakri. Part of the Baltic Klint, it rises up to 4 m on Suur-Pakri and up to 13 m on Väike-Pakri. Both islands are essentially part of a larger limestone plateau in Northern Estonia.</p><br>
<h3>Villages</h3><br>
<p>Before the Second World War the two islands had 5 villages, three on Suur-Pakri and two on Väike-Pakri.</p><br>
<p>Suur-Pakri</p><br>
<p>Storbyn (Suurküla) (100 inhabitants in 1935)</p><br>
<p>Strandbyn or Åsbyn (Rannaküla) (59)</p><br>
<p>Bisagidbyn (Lepiku küla) (38)</p><br>
<p>Väike-Pakri</p><br>
<p>Storbyn (Suurküla) (88)</p><br>
<p>Lillbyn (Väikeküla) (72)</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The islands were inhabited in 1345, when five Swedish families bought the western island from Padise monastery. According to the 1934 Estonian census, the islands had 354 inhabitants, all of them Swedes except for 13 Germans. There were 5 villages, a total of 119 households, a small folk museum (opened in 1935, closed in 1940) and both islands had their own church and school. Following the signing of Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact and the subsequent action of the Soviet Union (see Soviet ultimatums in 1939), in 1940 all the islanders were forced to leave - the islands were designated as a military base for the Soviet Army. Most of Pakri Swedes left for Sweden before 1944, during the German occupation of Estonia. After the Second World War Väike-Pakri had a few inhabitants until 1965. During the Soviet Era, until 1992, the islands were used as a proving ground for aerial bombardment by Warsaw Pact countries.</p><br>
<p>After control of the islands was returned to Estonia in 1994, the main aim became to clear the area of unexploded bombs. Thousands of explosive devices were destroyed and the work was mostly completed by 1997.</p><br>
<p>During the land reform following the restoration of independence in Estonia some of the land was returned to its pre-war owners. The northern parts of the islands and the southern part of Väike-Pakri were incorporated to Pakri Landscape Protection Area, created in 1998 to protect the limestone cliffs, alvars and rare species. In 2004, the islands got their first permanent inhabitant over decades, when a person born there during the Second World War returned to rebuild his parents&#39; farm. At the end of 2009 the islands had 6 permanent inhabitants.</p><br>
<h2>Climate</h2><br>
<p>The Goode–Hall House, also commonly known as Saunders Hall, is a historic plantation house in the Tennessee River Valley near Town Creek, Alabama. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on October 1, 1974, due to its architectural significance.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The house was built in 1824 by Turner Saunders, a Methodist minister and planter originally from Brunswick County, Virginia. After living in the house for a little more than a decade, Saunders sold it in 1844 to Freeman Goode.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The house is built in a provincial interpretation of a Palladian three-part plan, possibly influenced by the Jeffersonian architecture of Saunders&#39; native Virginia. The cramped proximity of the three front triangular pediments betray the vernacular nature of the composition, although the remainder is well-proportioned.</p><br>
<p>The entire house is constructed in brick above a raised basement. The two-story main block features a Tuscan portico with an arched lunette in the pediment, this feature was a common Jeffersonian architectural device. The main block is flanked to either side by one-story wings with front and side gables, their front pediments also have lunettes. The front walls of the wings feature brick pilasters with simple capitals. The front door is noteworthy in that it features two engaged Tuscan columns supporting a molded cornice.</p><br>
<p>The Goode–Hall House was not the only large plantation house built in the area by the Saunders family. Turner Saunder&#39;s son, James, built a large Italianate house at Rocky Hill Castle.</p><br>
<p>The Jefferson–Chalmers Historic Business District is a historic district located on East Jefferson Avenue between Eastlawn Street and Alter Road in Detroit, Michigan. The district is the only continuously intact commercial district remaining along East Jefferson Avenue, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004.</p><br>
<p>The Historic Jefferson–Chalmers Business District is one of a few early twentieth-century neighborhood commercial districts that still survive in Detroit. During the 1920s, this district along Jefferson was the center of the east-side neighborhood&#39;s commercial, social, and cultural life. The district is unique in that two big-band era ballrooms, the cultural fulcrums of the early 20th century social scene, still exist within the district: the Monticello and the Vanity Ballroom.</p><br>
<h2>Nomenclature</h2><br>
<p>The Jefferson East neighborhood of Detroit is bounded by Alter Road on the east, St. Jean Street on the west, Charlevoix Street on the north, and the Detroit River on the south. Jefferson Avenue runs approximately through the center of the Jefferson East neighborhood, and is primarily commercial in nature for thirteen blocks from Dickerson Street to Alter Road. This section of Jefferson Avenue is also known as the Jefferson East Business District. Historically significant structures exist along Jefferson Avenue for eight blocks from Conner to Alter Road; this section of the Jefferson East Business District is designated as the Jefferson–Chalmers Historic Business District.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>East Jefferson Avenue was originally an Indian trail running along the Detroit River. As French settlers established ribbon farms along the river in the 1700s, the trail morphed into the River Road connecting the farms with Fort Detroit. The area that is now within this district was at the time a marshy section surrounding Fox Creek, and so was relatively sparsely settled. In the 1800s, the Jefferson–Chalmers area gradually became more agricultural as the swamp was drained. In 1851, a plank road was built along Jefferson from Detroit to Grosse Pointe, with a toll bridge over Fox Creek. Roadhouses were built along the road, including, by 1876, a saloon located on the south side of East Jefferson Avenue near Fox Creek, within what is now this historic district. Other roadhouses were established in the area in the alter 1800s.</p><br>
<p>In 1874, draining of the surrounding swamp began in earnest, spurred in part by prominent Detroit attorney William B. Moran, who owned much of the land. By the 1880s, Moran had built Edgewood Road (now Alter) to access his summer resort on the river. In 1891, a streetcar line was built through the district, connecting Detroit and Grosse Pointe. That same year, the land in the district began to be subdivided, and by 1893 a number of streets crossing Jefferson had been platted. However, by the early 1900s, only a handful of houses had been constructed. However, in 1907 the area was annexed to Detroit, and by 1910 a number of industrial concerns had been established in the Connor Creek area, just west of the district. The rise of industry resulted in a rapid influx of residents, and the Jefferson–Chalmers Historic Business District now began to grow rapidly as a result.</p><br>
<p>By 1913, a number of commercial buildings had been constructed in the district, including the 1912 W.J. Hiller Building (14350-56 E. Jefferson), one of the oldest buildings still extant in the district. Businesses included a tailor, hardware store, drug store, physicians, grocers, and dry goods. Also by 1913, a small frame St. Columba church was constructed on Manistique. Two years later saw an explosion of development in the Jefferson–Chalmers area, with a string of commercial buildings constructed along Jefferson. Automobile-related businesses also were constructed in the district in the later 1910s, as well as religious buildings. Construction in the district and the surrounding neighborhoods continued into the 1920s, spurred in art by the Chrysler Motor Company&#39;s construction of a huge nearby factory. A number of apartments were built in the district to house the influx of workers.</p><br>
<p>The Great Depression ended the construction boom in the district, but business began to revive later in the 1930s with the establishment of stores in the area. The Jefferson–Chalmers area continued to thrive through the 1940s and 1950s, but in 1954 the nearby Hudson Motors plant closed, starting a slow decline in economic fortunes. The loss of jobs was exacerbated by the loss of residents as more people left Detroit for the nearby suburbs. The decline lasted through the 1970s and into the 1980s, but in the 1990s, there was a reinvestment in the area, with new residential and retail construction.</p><br>
<p>The district has recently seen a resurgence, with a Michigan Cool Cities grant, five million dollars worth of streetscape improvements, and rehabilitation of a number of anchor buildings in the district, such as the Platte Warehouse at Jefferson and Ashland and the Chalmers Building at Jefferson and Chalmers.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Jefferson–Chalmers Historic Business District contains 57 buildings bordering East Jefferson Avenue, running for eight blocks between Eastlawn Street and Alter Road, at the border between Detroit and Grosse Pointe Park, Michigan. Most of the buildings front onto Jefferson, but a few front onto side streets in the block adjacent to Jefferson. Most of the structures are two-story, multi-storefront commercial buildings, dating from the 1910s and 1920s, but the district also includes apartment buildings and churches, and houses two ballrooms: the Vanity and the Monticello. The buildings lining Jefferson generally fill the entire lot, fronting directly onto the sidewalk and sharing walls with adjacent buildings, creating an unbroken streetfront.</p><br>
<p>Significant structures include:</p><br>
<h3>Churches</h3><br>
<p>Jefferson Avenue United Methodist Church, 14456 East Jefferson: The original church building was constructed in 1914 and enlarged with a brick Gothic Revival auditorium in the early 1920s. The original building was demolished in the 1950s, and the auditorium became the main church building. A contemporary steel and glass addition was constructed in 1957.</p><br>
<p>Faith English Evangelical Lutheran Church, 14554 East Jefferson: This three-story brick and stone church was designed by Paul Kroske of Donaldson and Meier in 1918, and constructed in 1921-1926. It is an asymmetrical Neo-Gothic building with a bell tower on the eastern side.</p><br>
<p>St. Columba Parish Building, 14635 East Jefferson: This three-story, five bay, brick and stone building was designed by Lancelot Suckert and constructed in 1923. The St. Columba Activity Hall is a three-story Elizabethan building with gabled end bays and a slate roof. Storefronts beneath segmental arches are at street level.</p><br>
<p>Eastminster Presbyterian Church / Original Primitive Baptist Church, 937 Manistique: This 2-1/2 story rectangular Tudor Revival church was built in 1920. The Manistique Avenue facade is faced with ashlar limestone, and the piers are strongly emphasized to resemble buttresses. The projecting main entrance is located on one end of the facade, and contains a double doorway within a segmental arch.</p><br>
<p>St. Columba Episcopal Church, 1021 Manistique: This English Gothic Revival style church was designed by Lancelot Suckert and constructed in 1927. It is cruciform in plan, with a large crenellated bell tower. THe exterior s clad with limestone, with a slate roof and copper gutters. Stained glass windows line either side of the nave, with another large stained glass window set in the apse.</p><br>
<h3>Apartment buildings</h3><br>
<p>Century Lakewood Apartment, 14230-40 East Jefferson: This 3-1/2 story, H-shaped brick apartment building was constructed in 1924. It is a Classical Revival building housing 44 apartments and seven storefronts at ground level. The half-basement story is clad in cream-colored cast stone, and alternating cream-colored cast stone and red brick delineate the window bays.</p><br>
<p>Windmill Pointe Manor, 943 Alter: This four-story apartment building constructed in 1930 houses 38 apartments. It is a Spanish eclectic/Moorish/ Art Deco design faced with yellow/orange brick, containing decorative herringbone and corbelled brick patterns. Limestone trim surrounds the Alter Road entrance.</p><br>
<p>Alter Road Apartment (Pointe Manor Apartments), 1020 Alter: This 2-1/2 story apartment building constructed in 1926 houses 13 apartments. It is faced with mottled red and brown brick, with cast stone surrounding the entrance. The building&#39;s hipped roof has wide overhanging eaves, and contains gables placed over projecting bays. The Alter Road Apartment has a similar massing, design and setback to its three sister buildings at 1034, 1044, and 1060 Alter; the four buildings make up the Pointe Manor Apartments complex.</p><br>
<p>Barnes Apartments (Pointe Manor Apartments), 1034 Alter: This 2-1/2 story apartment building constructed in 1925 is similar to the Alter Road Apartment. It is a symmetrical red and brown brick Colonial Revival structure which houses 17 apartments. The building has a hipped roof containing gables placed over projecting bays.The entrance is through glass double doors surrounded by cast stone and flanked by fluted pilasters, with a transom window above.</p><br>
<p>Pointe Manor Apartments, 1044 Alter: This 2-1/2 story five bay apartment building constructed in 1925 is similar to the Alter Road Apartment. It is a red and brown brick Colonial Revival structure with a flat roof containing 13 apartments. The center entrance is flanked by two projecting bays.</p><br>
<p>Pointe Manor Apartments, 1060 Alter: This 2-1/2 story five bay apartment building constructed in 1926 is similar to the Alter Road Apartment. It is a symmetrical red and brown brick Colonial Revival structure with a flat roof containing 17 apartments. The impressive center entrance is flanked by two projecting bays.</p><br>
<p>Eastlawn Apartments, 1044 Eastlawn: This 3-1/2 story symmetrical Classical Revival apartment building constructed in 1924 contains 23 apartments. The center entrance is covered by a portico containing two Doric columns. The center bay on each side projects forward, containing a triple window and topped with a copper roof.</p><br>
<p>950 Manistique: This 2-1/2 story three bay Mission/Spanish Colonial Revival apartment building constructed in 1930 contains 13 apartments. It is constructed of dark red brick, and the front facade is dominated by a slightly projecting gable filled with a round brick arch. The front entrance projects from the facade, and is covered with a gable roofed with barrel tiles.</p><br>
<p>IDAO Apartments (910 Marlborough): This 3-1/2 story seven bay apartment building designed by Ernest C. Thulin and constructed in 1927 contains 13 apartments. It is constructed of red brick, and contains Tudor Revival details.</p><br>
<p>Marlboro Apartments (1031 Marlborough): This 3-1/2 story five bay apartment building constructed in 1927 contains 19 apartments. It is a yellow brick, Elizabethan-inspired structure with a protruding front entrance and symmetrical window arrangement.</p><br>
<p>Sheldor Apartments1025 (Newport): This 3-1/2 story H-shaped six bay apartment building constructed in 1925 contains 32 apartments. THe front facade is faces with buff-colored brick, with the raised basement level sheathed in cast stone. The entrance is through a narrow courtyard.</p><br>
<h3>Ballrooms</h3><br>
<p>Vanity Ballroom, 14201 East Jefferson: The Vanity was designed by Charles N. Agree and constructed in 1929. It as a Mayan/ Aztec influenced Art Deco structure, with storefronts on the first floor and the ballroom area above. Entrance pavilions at each corner of the building rise above the rest of the building, while a frieze at the top of the building features brick "jaguars" running across. Square green Pewabic Pottery tiles fill the arches above the second floor windows.</p><br>
<p>Monticello Ballroom, 14421-29 East Jefferson: The Monticello is a three-story structure designed by Pollmar & Ropes and constructed in 1928. The building has Spanish Colonial Revival and Art Deco exterior design elements, with raised, rounded parapets at each end of the building and a pent roof in between. The first floor contains storefronts, and the second housed the ballroom.</p><br>
<h3>Commercial buildings</h3><br>
<p>St. Amour Building, 14111 East Jefferson: This building is a two story commercial brick building originally containing five storefronts, with 13 apartments on the second floor. It was designed by E. C. Thulin and constructed in 1920.</p><br>
<p>Sam&#39;s Beauty Supply / S. S. Kresge, 14300 East Jefferson: This is a single-story, rounded corner Moderne sytle brick commercial building constructed in 1936 by the S. S. Kresge Company. The front is spanned by plate glass windows, with red pigmented structural glass blocks (originally a background for the S. S. Kresge store name) above.</p><br>
<p>W. J. Hiller Building, 14350-56 East Jefferson: The W. J. Hiller Building is a two-story Commercial Brick building built in two partsm in 1912 and 1914. The building was designed by the architectural firm of Spier, Rohns & Gehrke. The building has a diagonal comer at the street intersection, with plate glass windows spanning the first floor and regularly spaced windows on the second.</p><br>
<p>Walgreen&#39;s Drugs / Riverfront Building Supply, 14400 East Jefferson: This vibrant two story brick commercial building, constructed in 1929, is attributed to architect Charles N. Agree. The building has five storefronts along Jefferson, with offices above. The Art Deco style is expressed with multicolor brick in chevron and checkerboard patterns.</p><br>
<p>Platte Apartments / Sutton&#39;s Drugs, 14401 East Jefferson: This three-story Commercial Brick building was constructed in 1928 by Jerry Oldenkamp, a real estate developer. It originally contained five stores and eighteen apartments; however, the first-floor storefronts have been altered. The brick facing is enhanced by the use of cast stone framing the third floor windows and accenting the second floor window surrounds.</p><br>
<p>Winkelman&#39;s, 14411-15 East Jefferson: This two-story, four bay, brick commercial building was constructed in 1928. The second story has a scored cast stone veneer, with classical pilasters between the windows.</p><br>
<p>The Chalmers Building, 14432-36 East Jefferson: This symmetrical three-story Commercial Brick structure was built in 1925. It is four bays wide with three windows per bay on the upper floors. The center entrance is framed with a molded architrave and topped with a carved panel saying "The Chalmers." The building originally contained 33 apartments and four storefronts.</p><br>
<p>People&#39;s State Bank / National Bank of Detroit, 14555 East Jefferson: This single story, limestone and brick building was constructed in 1925 from a design by architect Hans Gehrke. An addition was constructed in 1953. The Classical Revival style echoes a Greek temple, with limestone sheathing, Ionic columns flanking the recessed entrance, denticulated cornice, and the pediment atop the front facade.</p><br>
<p>Ned&#39;s Auto Supply / Palace Cleaners, 14701 East Jefferson: This is a low single story brick Art Deco commercial building constructed in 1933. The East Jefferson facade is dominated by a long roofline, stretching to create a garage bay on one side. An entrance is at the corner facing the garage space. Nine plaques containing the letter "N" decorate the roofline along Jefferson an Manistique.</p><br>
<p>Fox Creek Backwater Gates, 14737 East Jefferson: This single story Classical/ Art Deco style public works building was constructed in 1930. It houses underground gates that control the level of Fox Creek. It is constructed if yellow multi-tone brick, with cast stone surrounds defining the door openings.</p><br>
<p>Peter Platte Motor Sales / B. F. Goodrich, 14801 East Jefferson: This three-story brick and reinforced concrete commercial building was constructed as an automotive sales showroom in 1919. A two-story addition was constructed in 1936.</p><br>
<h2>Cityscape</h2><br>
<p>The housing consists of bungalows and Arts and Crafts houses built in the early 20th Century. John Carlisle (Detroitblogger John) of the Metro Times said that the houses "still have beauty and character despite weathering over the years". Most blocks have many owner occupied houses and mowed lawns. There are some vacant lots alongside streets and some boarded-up foreclosed houses. Recently Kathy Makino-Leipsitz, owner of Shelborne Development, completed full rehabilitations on three buildings located on Jefferson Avenue opening up 49 - 1, 2 & 3 bedroom apartments.</p><br>
<p>The Joseph Wheeler Plantation, commonly known as Pond Spring or the General Joe Wheeler Home, is a historic plantation complex and historic district in the Tennessee River Valley in Wheeler, Alabama. The property contains twelve historically significant structures dating from 1818 to the 1880s. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on April 13, 1977, due to its association with Joseph Wheeler.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The plantation at Pond Spring was first established by the John P. Hickman family in 1818. They were among the earliest settlers of Lawrence County. By 1820 Hickman&#39;s family had grown to 11 members and he owned 56 slaves. Benjamin Sherrod, a planter from Halifax County, North Carolina with more than 300 slaves, bought Pond Spring and its 1,760 acre from Hickman in 1827. In the 1830s his son, Felix Sherrod, greatly expanded the larger of the two log dogtrot cabins on the property into what today is known as the Sherrod House. It is a vernacular interpretation of the Federal style. The smaller dogtrot came to be used as housing for slaves.</p><br>
<p>Upon Felix&#39;s death the plantation was inherited by his son, also named Benjamin. Benjamin Sherrod married Daniella Jones from the nearby Caledonia plantation in 1859, but he died prematurely in 1861. Daniella Sherrod met Joseph Wheeler, a general in the Confederate States Army from Augusta, Georgia, during his visit to the area in 1863. They married following the American Civil War and lived in New Orleans for the next four years. They returned to Lawrence County in the early 1870s and built a new home, adjacent to the older Sherrod House.</p><br>
<p>Beginning in 1880, Wheeler served multiple terms as a United States Representative from Alabama until he retired from politics in 1900. In 1898, Wheeler volunteered for the Spanish–American War and received an appointment to major general of volunteers by President William McKinley. He assumed command of the cavalry division, which included Theodore Roosevelts Rough Riders. Wheeler next served in the Philippine–American War in 1899. He commanded the First Brigade in Arthur MacArthurs Second Division during the Philippine–American War until January 1900. He retired on September 10, 1900 and moved to New York City, where he died in 1906.</p><br>
<p>His daughter, Annie, lived on the plantation until her death in 1955. It remained in the Wheeler family until 1993, when it was donated by them to the state of Alabama and the Alabama Historical Commission.</p><br>
<h2>Visiting</h2><br>
<p>The property is managed by the Alabama Historical Commission. AHC has completed restoring the Wheeler House, which is now open to the public.</p><br>
<p>Rim Rock Drive is a scenic road in Colorado National Monument. The 23-mile drive follows the upper rim of a series of canyons, extending from the vicinity of Fruita, Colorado in the west to near Grand Junction, Colorado in the east, connecting points only eight miles apart in a straight line. The entire road has been designated a historic district on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The routing of the road was determined in November 1931 by National Park Service Engineer Thomas W. Secrest during a visit to the monument.</p><br>
<p>The detailed design for the road was developed in 1932 by the National Park Service Branch of Engineering and Branch of Plans and Design for maximum scenic impact, using the National Park Service Rustic style. Most of the road was constructed with almost entirely manual labor by labor from the Works Progress Administration, Public Works Administration and Civilian Conservation Corps, and represents one of the most significant Depression-era public projects. Extensive drilling and blasting was required, and three tunnels were bored. Work was suspended by the Second World War from 1942 to 1948, and was finally completed in 1950. At its height, the project employed more than 800 men.</p><br>
<p>The Gundlakamma  is a seasonal river that flows through the east central part of the state of Andhra Pradesh, India. It arises in the Nallamalla Hills, an offshoot of the Eastern Ghats. Its main headwaters lie some 6 kilometers from the village of Ardhaveedu, Prakasam District at an altitude of 425 m. above MSL. Numerous mountain streams join it as it descends down the thickly forested hills through a series of curves and tight bends. It follows a north-easterly direction and enters the plains near Cumbum, after flowing through a town named after it. Gundlakamma is the largest of all the rivers that originate from the Nallamalla Hills.</p><br>
<p>A 15th-century dam built by the Gajapati kings straddles the river on its entry into the plains. It is an earthen dam that plugs the river flows through. Called the Cumbum Dam, it is 57 ft high, has a drainage area of 430 square miles and a capacity of 3,696,000,000 cuft. The river then flows past the town of Markapur and towards the Coromandel Coast through Addanki town. It finally enters the Bay of Bengal, some 19 km east of Ongole after having covered a distance of 225 km.</p><br>
<h2>Dams</h2><br>
<p>Apart from the ancient dam at Cumbum mentioned above, a modern dam called Gundlakamma Reservoir Project too has been constructed across the river at Mallavaram, Prakasam District. Some 80 ft high, this dam has a capacity of 3,800,000,000 cuft and can irrigate 80,600 acre of land. It will also provide drinking water for the 250,000 people living in Ongole and its surrounding hamlets. The lower part of the river basin is irrigated by Krishna river water through Nagarjuna Sagar right bank canal.</p><br>
<p>Veligonda Project is under construction to connect the river basin with the adjacent Krishna River basin by a 20 km long tunnel from the Srisailam reservoir. Construction of a 40 Tmcft capacity storage reservoir is also part of this project. Once this project is completed, the reliability of water supply to all the irrigation projects in the river basin would enhance vastly.</p><br>
<h2>Bridges</h2><br>
<p>The Guntur-Guntakal railway track of the South Central Railway crosses the river over the embankment at Cumbum as well as at two other places before it. The Vijayawada-Chennai mainline of the same railway crosses the river a few kilometres before its mouth(Karavadi Village). Near the same place, National Highway 5 also spans the river at Vellampalli village.</p><br>
<p>This is a seasonal river.</p><br>
<h2>Floods</h2><br>
<p>Though a tamed river generally, the heavy monsoonal rains in 2001 caused the river to burst its banks and flood areas along its course. About 15 people were washed away by its gushing waters in the month of October, 2001.</p><br>
<h2>Nature tourism</h2><br>
<p>Gundla Brahmeswara Sanctuary is located in the river basin.</p><br>
<p>The Decatur Heights Historic District is a national historic district in Cumberland, Allegany County, Maryland. It is a mixed-use district of 77 acre located on the northeast side of Cumberland. It contains a total of 377 residential / commercial / industrial historic resources, including five properties previously listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Approximately 50 percent of the resources in the district predate 1890, approximately 40 percent date were constructed between 1890 and 1930, and the remaining approximately 10 percent post-date 1930. It is significant because: 1) its association with the history of African-American education in Cumberland; 2) its association with the exploration and settlement of the region, with its location along the National Road; and 3) the dense concentration of primarily residential buildings built between about 1820 and the 1940s.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005.</p><br>
<p>The Lonaconing Historic District is a national historic district in Lonaconing, Allegany County, Maryland. It comprises 278 buildings and structures consisting of a variety of 19th and early-20th century commercial, industrial, and residential buildings. These structures identify with the development of Lonaconing as a center of the iron, coal, and silk industries in the George&#39;s Creek Valley of Western Maryland. It includes a group of 40 late-19th and early-20th century brick or frame commercial structures, including a hotel, bank, three dry goods stores, and numerous other shops and warehouses, mostly constructed after a fire which devastated downtown in 1881.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<p>The Inns on the National Road is a national historic district near Cumberland, Allegany County, Maryland. It originally consisted of 11 Maryland inns on the National Road and located in Allegany and Garrett counties. Those that remain stand as the physical remains of the almost-legendary hospitality offered on this well-traveled route to the west.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.</p><br>
<h2>Allegany County</h2><br>
<p>Clarysville Inn site: The Clarysville Inn stood along the old section of the National Road, USA Route 40, to the south of the present road at Clarysville. It was a -story brick structure with flush double chimneys at the gable ends, a symmetrical facade, and 6/6 sash windows. After 1936, the original porch with a balustrade was replaced by semi-circular Tuscan-columned porch which extended the length of the central three bays and also contained an upper-level balustrade. Supposedly built around 1807 by a wealthy mid-western landowner, the Inn was initially used as a tavern along the old turnpike. The inn was used as a hospital during the American Civil War and then used as a restaurant before it was destroyed by fire on March 10, 1999. Once owned by family and Cas Taylor the inn was sold between 1970&#39;s and 1995 to an unknown buyer.</p><br>
<p>Colonial Manor: Colonial Manor, or Turkey Flight Manor, is on the south side of present USA Route 40, north of old Route 40 in the Naves Crossroad area at the intersection of USA Route 220. It is a -story, mid-19th-century classically influenced brick structure. It was altered in the 1940s when Route 40 was relocated to the north of the house. The building served as a hospital after the American Civil War battle at nearby Falch&#39;s Mill in 1864.</p><br>
<p>Early Frame House: Early Frame House is located on USA Route 40 at Pleasant Grove on the slope of a hill several feet above the National Pike. It is a -story, mid-19th-century frame structure with a tin-covered gable roof.</p><br>
<p>Five Mile House: Five Mile House is one mile west of Four Mile House and five miles west of Cumberland, on USA Route 40 at La Vale. It is two and a half stories high and five bays in width, with a large cross gable.</p><br>
<p>Flintstone Hotel: Flintstone Hotel, also called the Piper Hotel, is located on USA Route 40 at Flintstone. It is a large -story classically influenced brick structure the early to mid-19th century. It is said to have been built originally about 1807 for John Davis (a large landowner) as a private residence. Well-known visitors to the hotel are believed to include the Marquis de Lafayette (1824), Henry Clay, and Theodore Roosevelt.</p><br>
<p>Four Mile House: Four Mile House is one mile east of Five Mile House and four miles west of Cumberland, on USA Route 40 at La Vale. It is a -story, mid-19th-century brick structure of Greek Revival influence. An Ionic-columned porch with a turned balustrade stretches across at the first floor level. It was built about 1840 for Samuel Eckles and rebuilt after a fire in the late 1950s or early 1960s destroyed the second floor rooms.</p><br>
<p>Six Mile House: Six Mile House is located six miles east of Cumberland, on the Baltimore Turnpike, also known as the National Road and later renamed USA Route 40. It is a -story brick structure built during the 1830s&ndash;1840s.</p><br>
<p>Stone House: Stone House is on an abandoned section of USA Route 40 at Pleasant Valley, about two miles west of Flintstone. It is the shell of an early-19th-century, -story stone structure with a gable roof. It was supposedly built about 1819 as a tavern for Jonas Street.</p><br>
<h2>Garrett County</h2><br>
<p>Casselman (Hotel): Casselman (Hotel) is located on USA Route 40 at Grantsville. It is a -story, Greek Revival brick structure, built about 1842. It was built for Solomon Sterner to serve travelers on the National Road.</p><br>
<p>National Hotel (demolished): The National Hotel was on USA Route 40 at Maryland Route 495, Grantsville. It was a -story, 19th-century hip-roofed frame structure built about 1842. It was built for Henry Fuller, an innkeeper from Salisbury, Pennsylvania, on the site of the Lehman House, an earlier hostelry. It has been demolished.</p><br>
<p>Penn Alps, Main Building: Penn Alps, Main Building, stands between present USA 40 and old USA 40, east of Grantsville. It was built in the early 19th century as a log house, then enlarged to two and a half stories, and "modernized" in the Italianate style in the late 19th century. It was converted for commercial use with major renovations and additions in the 20th century.</p><br>
<p>Tomlinson Inn and The Little Meadows: Tomlinson Inn and The Little Meadows is located on USA Route 40 at Grantsville. It is a large, rectangular, stone structure built on a hillside. It was constructed about 1818 and has two full stories plus an attic and basement. It was one of the earliest hostelries on the National Road, built by Jesse Tomlinson. In 1845, President James K. Polk stopped on the way to his inauguration.</p><br>
<p>The Nallamalas  are a section of the Eastern Ghats which stretch primarily over Kurnool, Nellore, Guntur, Prakasam, Kadapa and Chittoor districts of the state of Andhra Pradesh and Mahabubnagar, Nalgonda districts of the state of Telangana, in India. They run in a nearly north-south alignment, parallel to the Coromandel Coast for close to 430 km between the rivers, Krishna and Pennar. Its northern boundaries are marked by the flat Palnadu basin while in the south it merges with the Tirupati hills. An extremely old system, the hills have extensively weathered and eroded over the years. The average elevation today is about 520 m which reaches 1100 m at Bhairani Konda and 1048 m at Gundla Brahmeswara. Both of these peaks are in a north westerly direction from the town of Cumbum. There are also many other peaks above 800 m.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The rocks of the Nallamala ranges belong to the Kadapa system which is a series some 20,000 ft. thick. The primary rocks are Quartzite overlaid with an irregular slaty formation. Some sandstone is also to be found. The rocks here are very irregular and soft in texture thus rendering commercial exploitation impossible. These rocks are among the oldest in the world and have been formed as a result of large scale volcanic activity hundreds of millions of years ago. The evidence of the volcanic forces are evident in the foldings into which the rocks have been forced, in some cases the folds have been completely inverted.</p><br>
<h2>Climate</h2><br>
<p>The Nallamalas have a rather warm to hot climate throughout the year. Rainfall averages about 90 cm and is concentrated in the months of the South West Monsoon (June–September). The fissured rocks prevent any water from percolating underground and hence most of the discharge runs off as mountain streams to join the Gundlakamma River, the largest river to arise in these hills. Winters are mostly cool and dry with the average temperature around 25 degrees Celsius.</p><br>
<h2>Geography and land use</h2><br>
<p>These hills are almost completely covered with open jungle. Lack of water prevents the growth of large trees and the prevalent vegetation consists of Terminalia, Hardwickia and Pterocarpus. Agriculture is almost non existent apart from isolated patches near villages where subsistence farming is practiced. The Nallamala Forests are probably the largest stretch of undisturbed forest in South India apart from the Western Ghats and were particularly rich in game till the 1970s. A large part of the forest is a part of the Nagarjunsagar-Srisailam Tiger Reserve that has a viable tiger population. Leopard sightings too are not uncommon. Many of the adventures of the popular wildlife writer, Kenneth Anderson are set in these forests.</p><br>
<h2>Population</h2><br>
<p>The uneven terrain and the scarcity of water has prevented the growth of any large cities in this region. Nandyal is the largest town in this area and giddalur is the second largest town near by it. The indigenous population consists of the Chenchus, a forest dwelling tribe who have remained cut off from the modern world even today. Farming is the primary occupation of the people in the plateaus while the Chenchus are still hunter gatherers.</p><br>
<p>The hills were a hotbed of Naxal activities until recently. Police action since 2005 has all but cleared the forest of them.</p><br>
<h2>Transport</h2><br>
<p>A state highway and the Vijayawada-Guntakal line of the South Central Railway pass through the hills. The railway was first built by the Madras and Southern Mahratta Railway and is a feat of engineering, having 2 tunnels at Bogada and Chelama and a few viaducts, the most famous being the now abandoned Dorabavi Viaduct. The railway enters the hills at the Nandikama Pass near Cumbum Lake. The highway follows a zig zag alignment and thus avoids any tunnels. The primary exports of this region are forest produce like timber waste, honey and molasses.</p><br>
<h2>Places of interest</h2><br>
<p>Srisailam on the River Krishna is the site of a large hydroelectric power project as also an ancient temple dedicated to Lord Shiva. Mahanandi temple and Ahobilam Nava Narsimha Temples are situated here. A stream descends down the Gundla Brahmeswara peak and ends in a waterfall and sacred pool called Nemaligundam (Peacock Pool). The Mallela Theertham waterfall on the river Krishna is also located in this forest.</p><br>
<p>The Cumbum Lake is one of Asia&#39;s oldest man made lakes and dates back to the 15th century. It was built by the Gajapati kings of Orissa for irrigating about 420 km farmland by damming a narrow opening between two adjoining hills and later renovated by queen Vardarajamma of Vijayanagara kingdom in the 16th Century.</p><br>
<p>Mahanandi Temple View.jpgMahanandi Temple along the foothills of Nallamala</p><br>
<p>Srisailam Entrance Gopuram.jpgSrisailam Entrance Gopuram</p><br>
<p>Mallelatheertham.JPGMallelatheertham Waterfalls, Srisailam</p><br>
<p>Upper Ahobilam temple Gopuram 02.jpgUpper Ahobilam temple Gopuram</p><br>
<h2>Notable incidents</h2><br>
<p>On 2 September 2009, a Bell-430 chopper carrying the Andhra Pradesh Chief Minister Y.S. Rajasekhara Reddy, with two pilots, a chief security officer and secretary went missing in the Nallamala forest. After nearly twenty four hours of search by police, para military, Indian Army, Indian Air Force, India Space Research Organization personnel among others, the chopper was located in a mangled and charred state on the top of the 800 ft. Pavuralla Konda (Doves&#39; hill). All five died in the crash owing to inclement weather conditions.</p><br>
<p>The Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary Church is a church located at 13770 Gratiot Avenue in Detroit, Michigan. It is commonly known as the Assumption Grotto Church. The church was designated a Michigan State Historic Site in 1990 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary Church Complex consists of multiple structures: the church, a convent, a rectory, a cemetery, and the grotto, along with a utilitarian boiler house. A gymnasium and activity building, constructed in the 1960s lies behind the convent behind a vacant area which was previously occupied by a school building.</p><br>
<p>The church is a basilica-plan Neo-Gothic structure, faced with limestone and occupies the middle of the property facing Gratiot Avenue. The interior of the church includes altars and communion rails of Italian marble and stained glass windows illustrating scenes from the life of the Virgin Mary and the saints.</p><br>
<p>The rectory dates to 1918 and lies to the south of the church with the convent to the north dating from the early 1920s. Both are constructed of red brick along with the modest boiler house located next to the convent. A cemetery with a variety of monuments spanning from the early 19th century to the present lies east, to the rear of the church. A large statue of Our Lady of Lourdes stands on the grounds facing Gratiot.</p><br>
<p>Near the rear of the cemetery is the grotto. The shrine is constructed from imported limestone. Boulders placed around the shrine (as well as in the cemetery) were carried by farmers from all parts of Michigan. Some of the stones and many of the limestone pieces are carved with names and dedications. In front of the Grotto a fountain is inscribed with the words, "Glory to the One Triune God, Now and Forever".</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>When German immigrants first came to Detroit in 1830, they arrived in the middle of a cholera epidemic. Avoiding the city, they traveled north along Gratiot, settling in an area where a handful of French Roman Catholics already lived. and built a log church at the site where this church now stands. They called the building Kirchen Wald (Church in the Woods), and Redemptionist missionaries offered Roman Catholic services in the structure. The name was later changed to "Chapel of the Assumption" and later "St. Mary&#39;s in the Woods" before being designated the "Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary Church."</p><br>
<p>In 1847, Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary Church was designated a parish—only the second in what is now Detroit. In 1852, the first full-time pastor, Father Amandus Vandendriessche, was assigned to the church. He began building a permanent brick structure, which was completed by the end of 1852 and sat 500. In 1876, Vandendriessche visited France, and was so impressed by the Sanctuary of Our Lady of Lourdes that he had a replica of the grotto, designed by Peter Dederichs, created at the church. The grotto was completed in 1881. On April 30, 1882, Pope Leo XIII signed a proclamation granting partial and plenary indulgences for anyone who visited the Grotto and prayed for the propagation of the faith.</p><br>
<p>As Detroit grew in the early 20th century, so did the parish. When the 1852 church burned, construction began on a third church in 1907. and dedicated on September 22, 1929.</p><br>
<h2>The parish today</h2><br>
<p>As a result of the fame of the shrine, the Church of the Assumption began to be known as Assumption Grotto.</p><br>
<p>The Alger Theater is a theatre located at 16451 East Warren Avenue in the MorningSide neighborhood of Detroit, Michigan. It is one of only two remaining intact and unchanged neighborhood theaters in the city of Detroit . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Alger Theater, presumably named for Michigan governor Russell A. Alger, was built by Detroit theater developers Saul and Hattie Sloan. When the Alger Theater opened, it was a luxury theater, and included amenities such as sound and projection equipment, seating, and air conditioning. It continued as a movie house for forty years. However, as the surrounding neighborhood suffered socioeconomic changes, attendance began dropping off. In the mid-nineteen seventies, ownership changed hands, and the theater was used for live performances and music in addition to movies. However, the theater closed its doors in 1981. In 1984, ownership changed hands again, and the Alger was re-opened as a B-movie house. However, profits were slim, and the theater closed again in less than a year.</p><br>
<p>In 1986, the theater was purchased by Friends of the Alger Theater, a nonprofit community-based organization composed of neighborhood residents and businesses dedicated to preserving the Alger Theater. They are developing programming for the community while raising funds to refurbish and reopen the theater.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Alger sits at the corner of Warren Avenue and Outer Drive. It is constructed of structural steel faced with brick. A two-story square-plan tower structure with an instepped parapet stands at the corner, dominating the buildings facade. The tower houses the theater entrance and box office. A vertical sign with the theaters name extends from the tower toward the street. Along the Warren facade, four single-story commercial spaces faced with painted yellow brick line the sidewalk; the facade of the theater proper above is set back.</p><br>
<p>On the interior of the theater, the inner and outer lobby and the balcony-less auditorium still show much of their historic finish. The auditorium is constructed of concrete block with horizontal banding in smaller concrete brick; it originally sat 1182 people but now seats 825. The stage was extended into the seating area to provide for theatrical performances. Stepped metal sconces with rounded ends adorn the walls.</p><br>
<h2>An anchor for community building</h2><br>
<p>Friends of the Alger Theater is a 25-year-old nonprofit organization with a mission to activate and restore the Alger Theater and establish a welcoming destination for arts, entertainment, and education in the community. The organization&#39;s vision is to be a neighborhood catalyst driving new commercial, social, and cultural development to advance a vibrant community.</p><br>
<p>The Friends were awarded historic designations for the theater on the state, federal and local levels. In March 2009, the city’s Historic Designation Advisory Board unanimously voted to recommend that the City Council approve the designation. The Detroit City Council approved the formal local historic designation on Oct. 21, 2009. The state and federal designations were granted in 2005.</p><br>
<p>In order to provide cultural opportunities and build community in the surrounding neighborhoods, the Friends provide free off-campus programming including a theater arts class at local Detroit Public Schools in partnership with Matrix Theater Company and the summertime outdoor movie series, Film on the Hill, at Balduck Park on the third Saturdays of June, July and August.</p><br>
<p>In 2014, the theater was surveyed for asbestos and underwent abatement, clearing a large barrier to restoration. The group is currently raising funds for repairs to stabilize the theater, planning events and fundraising for full renovation of the 825-seat Art Moderne space.</p><br>
<p>Big Schloss is a peak in the Great North Mountain range of the Ridge and Valley Appalachians, with an elevation of 2,964 ft. The peak is located in George Washington National Forest on the border of Virginia and West Virginia, though according to Topozone, the actual summit is in Virginia.</p><br>
<p>German settlers gave Big Schloss its name. Schloss means castle in German, and it is reference to the rocky outcrop. German was the common language in the area for several years.</p><br>
<p>A number of hiking trails lead to Big Schloss. Hikers may ascend from Wolf Gap via the Mill Mountain trail, or a circuit hike coming from FDR Rt. 92. The Potomac Appalachian Trail Club maintains the trails leading up to Big Schloss. A bridge provides access to the Big Schloss rock outcropping. In the Fall of 2010, the bridge was replaced with new stairs, 20&#39; of new handrails, and two new concrete abutments.</p><br>
<p>The Grand Riviera Theater was a movie palace theater located at 9222 Grand River Avenue in western Detroit, Michigan. It took its name from Grand River Avenue.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Grand Riviera cinema was built in 1925, at a cost of over one million dollars. It seated over 3000, and was the first "atmospheric" theater in Detroit, using lighting, special effects, and interior design to make the audience feel like they were sitting outdoors in a garden.</p><br>
<p>The theater was immediately successful, and in 1927 an 1,800 seat annex was built. In 1957, the Riviera was converted to a stage theater. When the Fisher Theater reopened in 1960, however, the Grand Riviera took a back seat. The building was used for music concerts until it closed in the mid-1970s. Afterward, the structure deteriorated, to the point that it was considered unsafe and demolished in 1996.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Grand Riviera Theater was a three story structure built from brown brick in an Italian Renaissance Revival and Mediterranean Revival style. An 80 ft octagonal pavilion sat on the corner of the structure. The pavilion had arched, multi-paned windows and substantial cream terra cotta decoration.</p><br>
<p>To the west of the pavilion was the three-story wing with commercial and office space. To the north was the auditorium section which was built with windowless paneled brick walls.</p><br>
<p>The interior design and decorations of the Grand Riviera were very ornate. The original "atmospheric" interior elements included a simulated courtyard, a dark blue ceiling with inset electric "stars" and projected moving clouds, and walls with artificial trees and vines.</p><br>
<p>Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Station, Oakland is a historic railroad station located at Oakland, Garrett County, Maryland. It is a large brick structure with a two-story central section featuring a cylindrical tower with a domed cap and one-story wings extending from each end along the railroad tracks. It was designed by Baldwin and Pennington, and built in 1884 by the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad across the tracks and a meadow from the Railroad&#39;s Oakland Hotel, which opened in 1876, to support the development of Oakland and Garrett County as a resort area. It is one of the finest remaining examples in Maryland of a Queen Anne style railroad station.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974. It was revived for service on Amtrak&#39;s Shenandoah between 1976 and 1981. The city of Oakland bought the station in 1998, and in 2000 restored it with help from the State of Maryland.</p><br>
<p>The James Drane House is a historic house located in Accident, Garrett County, Maryland, United States.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>It is a -story, long rectangular log and frame structure with a pitched gable roof, and an exterior stone chimney. A small cemetery about 100 yards to the north marks the site of Zion Lutheran Church (dedicated in 1851), and includes a simple brown fieldstone headstone marked "J.D. June 27, 1828." The house was constructed about 1800 by James Drane, the first permanent settler in the Accident area. In the late 1980s the house was stabilized and restored through the efforts of the Town of Accident and numerous local volunteers.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on January 11, 1985.</p><br>
